Dragon in China A Symbol of Empowerment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Monster in China A Symbol of Empowerment - Essay Example By experiencing the portrayal of ‘Ladle with monster handle’ on the site of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, it has been seen that the sort of antiquated thing gave by the exhibition hall at their site, shows the imaginative and philosophical foundation of old Chinese culture. The spoon has been utilized in the third century for kitchen errands and whisky pouring. The chronicled object in the gallery scoop can be situated with a dragon’s head, which is especially at its handle. A guest to the gallery can see that the mythical beast has pointed ears and swelling eyes as the most noticeable highlights. Furthermore, its two long horns and weakened nose are likewise those components that serve in drawing the consideration of the crowd. According to the crystal gazers, the spoons were uncovered from the place that is known for Kingdom of Wu. This indicates spoons were critical for the Kingdom (The Metropolitan Museum of Art). Thinking about the recorded presence of mythical serpent in Chinese culture, it is apparent that the spoon with winged serpent heads are insignificant image of solidarity and force for the realm. On the off chance that the historical backdrop of Yangzi waterway valley is evaluated, mythical beasts are constantly discovered serving the realm with good karma and favors (Fiero 14). In Chinese culture, the spoon with mythical beast head have consistently been considered as the indication of peacefulness as it was utilized in the kitchen; in this manner, during the ongoing time of modernization, the significance of monsters can't be disregarded. It ought to likewise be noticed that the foundations of such image return to the convictions introduced in Confucianism’s content (Visser and Coleman 21-23). Then again, the pieces, for example, scoop with mythical beast head in China were continuing the Chinese ascent to domain; in this way, the help obtained from the monster and its symbo lization had consistently bolstered the realm with quality and force. The most extravagant culture of the area holds the mythical serpents at each pace of the development; in this manner, the nearness of winged serpents over spoons and other generally utilized utensils can be watched. This gives an away from of the value of the pieces, Ladle, for Emperor Qianlongs rule of the Qing Dynasty at its best. To be more summary, the period was (220â€265), third century. As the vast majority of the individuals are discovered accepting that Chinese Dragon really represents the insidiousness there is as yet a specific level of misinterpretation. Chinese likewise accepted that mythical serpents give amicability to the patients. In less difficult words, the mythical beasts can assist patients with recuperating during ailment. The misguided judgment seemed well known, in light of the fact that the mythical serpent in west is considered as the image of Satan, in view of the malevolent perspec tives (Visser and Coleman 71-83). It ought to be noticed that scoop is of incredible worth and kept in the gallery since it features Chinese social legacy. It is discernible that spoon 36.8 cm which is over more prominent expense. The value of the scoop is noted to be past millions for its make. The convictions of old Chinese populace and domain show their brain research that an every day utilizing utensil with engraved or cut mythical beast head may engage their reality over the world to govern with the mastery they need to secure. The cutting edge Chinese society likewise puts stock in the old ideas, that enormity, goodness and endowments are reveled with the image of monster that may favor them as their progenitors were honored. Such worth of spoon with winged serpent head in Chinese history is because of the way that the devotees esteem mythical beasts as the controlling intensity of the

Cultural Event Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13

Social Event Report - Essay Example As declared, the shows during that specific day include: Read My Pins: The Madeleine Albright Collection; the Yves Saint Laurent: The Retrospective; Focus: Earth and Fire; Garry Winogrand: Women Are Beautiful; and Blue and White: A Ceramic Journey; among 22 occasions. There were two structure in the premises: the North Building that housed the primary historical center, which is a seven-story structure. In like manner, another structure, the Frederic C. Hamilton Building house extra assortments of the gallery. Both compositional structures are types of workmanship in themselves as they utilized creative styles and are extraordinarily planned. The Yves Saint Laurent: The Retrospective show began on March 25, 2012 and would run until July 8, 2012. It displayed a momentous assortment of high fashion articles of clothing, photos, drawings, and movies that epitomize the developing long periods of Saint Laurent as a creator. The way the articles of clothing, photos, and memorabilia were introduced was simply sublime and is profoundly demonstrative of the quality and brilliant picture that Saint Laurent has radiated as the years progressed. The assortment entitled The Dior Years were basically stunning in radiant flawlessness and excellence. Four high fashion articles of clothing were displayed in dim, dark, white and red; in styles that typify immortality. In like manner, in another feature, The Shock of Colors, was similarly sensational as the tight room was evidently lined from floor to roof in a rainbow of texture samples, where the dividers are secured with pages allegedly taken from Saint Laurent’s old note pads. The converging of these samples with the pieces of clothing showed adequately conveyed the message to the review crowd. There were as yet different originator pieces, for example, the ‘Paris Rose’, the long night dress in dark and hung with pink glossy silk strip on the bodice which was the focal point of the show. All these superb showcases speak to long periods of creative structures that are being shared

Foreign Language and Area Studies Fellowship COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Foreign Language and Area Studies Fellowship COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog U.S. citizens, nationals, or permanent residents who are proficient in certain languages may be interested in submitting an application for a Foreign Language and Area Studies Fellowship (FLAS).   SIPA will consider newly admitted applicants for funding through this program.   Graduate school student recipients receive $18,000 toward tuition and a $15,000 stipend. The timing of our admission decisions and the FLAS deadline makes it a little tricky.   Basically those interested in the FLAS must submit an application   for FLAS before the SIPA Admissions Committee has made admissions decisions.   The FLAS application deadline is March 4th and full details regarding the application process and eligible languages can be found on the FLAS application web site. Unfortunately, it is not likely that we will start publishing admissions decisions prior to March 4th.   We will do our best to start publishing decisions early in March, but we do not set a specific date.   When decisions get sent is dependent upon a variety of factors and this is a topic I will address in a future blog entry. What this means is that if you are interested in being considered for a FLAS award, you should submit your FLAS application prior to knowing your SIPA admission decision.   Due to the extremely generous nature of the fellowship, I think it would well be worth the time if you qualify and are interested. Here is a brief description of the FLAS Award taken directly from the FLAS web site: The Foreign Language and Area Studies (FLAS) Fellowship Program is predicated on the belief that “the security, stability, and economic vitality of the United States in a complex global era depend upon American experts and citizens knowledgeable about world regions, foreign languages, and international affairs, as well as upon a strong research base in these areas.” FLAS fellowships strengthen the nation’s ability to respond to security threats and to compete effectively in the modern world by promoting foreign language competence and area and international knowledge and by ensuring the continuance of area expertise in a variety of fields, including academe. If you have questions or require further information regarding FLAS, please email Sandra Peters at scp3@columbia.edu

What Is Entrapment Definition, Standards, Cases

Entrapment is a defense used in criminal court when a government agent has induced a defendant to commit a crime. In the U.S. legal system, the entrapment defense serves as a check on the power of government agents and officials. Key Takeaways: Entrapment Defense Entrapment is an affirmative defense that must be proved by a preponderance of the evidence.In order to prove entrapment, a defendant must first show that a government agent induced the defendant to commit a crime. The defendant must also show that he or she was not predisposed to commit the crime prior to government intervention. How to Prove Entrapment Entrapment is an affirmative defense, which means that the defendant carries a burden of proof. It can only be used against someone who works for a government body (e.g. state officers, federal officers, and public officials). Entrapment is proved by a preponderance of the evidence, which is a lower burden than reasonable doubt. In order to prove entrapment, a defendant must show that the government agent induced the defendant to commit a crime, and that the defendant was not predisposed to engage in criminal conduct. Offering the defendant an opportunity to commit a crime is not considered inducement. For example, if a government agent asks to buy drugs, and the defendant readily gives the officer illegal substances, the defendant has not been entrapped. In order to show inducement, a defendant must prove that the government agent persuaded or coerced them. However, inducement does not always have to be threatening. A government agent might make a promise so extraordinary in exchange for a criminal act that a defendant cannot resist the temptation. Even if a defendant can prove inducement, they must still prove that they weren’t predisposed to commit the crime. In an effort to argue against entrapment, the prosecution might use the defendant’s prior criminal acts to persuade the jury. If the defendant does not have a past criminal record, the prosecution’s argument becomes more difficult. They might ask the jury to determine the defendants state of mind prior to committing the induced offense. Sometimes, the judge and jury might consider the defendants eagerness to commit the crime. Entrapment Defense: Subjective and Objective Standards Entrapment is a criminal defense, which means it comes from common law, not constitutional law. As a result, states can choose how they want to apply entrapment defenses. There are two applications or standards that states commonly adopt: subjective or objective. Both standards require the defendant to first prove that government agents induced the crime. Subjective Standard Under the subjective standard, jurors consider both the actions of the government agent and the defendant’s predisposition to commit the crime in order to determine which was the motivating factor. The subjective standard shifts the burden back to the prosecution to prove that the defendant was predisposed to commit the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. This means that if the defendant wants to prove entrapment, the government agent’s coercion must be so extreme that it is clearly the main reason for committing the crime. Objective Standard The objective standard asks jurors to determine if the actions of an officer would have led a reasonable person to commit a crime. The mental state of the defendant does not play a role in objective analysis. If the defendant successfully proves entrapment, they are found not guilty. Entrapment Cases The following two cases offer useful examples of entrapment law in action. Sorrells v. United States In Sorrells v. United States (1932), the Supreme Court recognized entrapment as an affirmative defense. Vaughn Crawford Sorrells was a factory worker in North Carolina who allegedly smuggled alcohol during prohibition. A government agent approached Sorrells and told him that he was a fellow veteran who had served in the same division during World War I. He repeatedly asked Sorrells for liquor, and at least twice Sorrells said no. Eventually, Sorrells broke down and left to get whiskey. The agent paid him $5 for the alcohol. Prior to that sale, the government had no solid evidence that Sorrells had ever smuggled alcohol in the past. The Court ruled that Sorrells’ attorneys could use entrapment as an affirmative defense.  In a unanimous opinion, Justice Hughes wrote that the crime â€Å"was instigated by the prohibition agent, that it was the creature of his purpose, that defendant had no previous disposition to commit it but was an industrious, law-abiding citizen.† The lower court should have allowed Sorrells to argue entrapment before a jury. Jacobson v. United States Jacobson v. United States (1992) dealt with entrapment as a matter of law. Government agents began to pursue Keith Jacobson in 1985 after he bought a copy of a magazine with nude photographs of minors. The purchase occurred before Congress passed the Child Protection Act of 1984. Over the course of two and a half years, government agents sent fake mailings from multiple organizations to Jacobson. In 1987, Jacobson ordered an illegal magazine from one of the governments mailing and picked it up at the post office. In a narrow 5-4 ruling, the Court majority found that Jacobson had been entrapped by government agents. His first purchase of child pornography could not show predisposition because he bought the magazine before it was illegal. He made no attempts to break the law prior to receiving the government’s fake publications. The court argued two and a half years of persistent mailings prevented the government from showing predisposition. Sources Sorrells v. United States, 287 U.S. 435 (1932).Jacobson v. United States, 503 U.S. 540 (1992).â€Å"Criminal Resource Manual - Entrapment Elements.†Ã‚  The United States Department of Justice, 19 Sept. 2018, www.justice.gov/jm/criminal-resource-manual-645-entrapment-elements.â€Å"The Criminal Defense of Entrapment.†Ã‚  Justia, www.justia.com/criminal/defenses/entrapment/.Dillof, Anthony M. â€Å"Unraveling Unlawful Entrapment.†Ã‚  The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, vol. 94, no. 4, 2004, p. 827., doi:10.2307/3491412.â€Å"Criminal Resource Manual - Entrapment Proving Predisposition.†Ã‚  The United States Department of Justice, 19 Sept. 2018, www.justice.gov/jm/criminal-resource-manual-647-entrapment-proving-predisposition.

Marijuana Legalization Argumentative Essay - 1060 Words

In 1545, the Spanish brought marijuana to the New World. It was introduced in Jamestown in 1611, where it became a major commercial crop grown as an innocent source of fiber (specifically, hemp). By 1927, the production and possession of marijuana had been outlawed throughout the United States, causing a prohibition that is still in effect 80 years later. Since then, the world has seen the violent rise of drug cartels and the high price of fighting illegal marijuana use (Narconon). Marijuana should be legalized because significant research shows that legalization will benefit our society socially and economically. In the perspective of Americas war on drugs, marijuana is one of the biggest enemies. Not because it is a dangerous drug but†¦show more content†¦Socially, legalizing marijuana would create a safer nation and economically, the US has the potential to earn billions of dollars in extra revenue that the economy desperately needs. Studies have proven that marijuana is no more harmful to a person’s health than alcohol or tobacco. Every year, tobacco kills roughly 390,000 people, alcohol contributes to 80,000 deaths in America and marijuana contributed to 0; no deaths from marijuana have ever been recorded in US history (Abovetheinfluence.org). When smoking tobacco, the user inhales tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide, and 200 other known poisons into the lungs (Abovetheinfluence.org). All forms of tobacco, including cigars, pipe tobacco, snuff, and chewing tobacco, contain the addictive drug nicotine, and can also cause cancer. Alcohol alters a persons perceptions, emotions, movement, vision, and hearing. Alcohol plays a role in at least 50 percent of traffic deaths, about half of murders, and about 25 percent of suicides (Abovetheinfluence.org). Marijuana side effects include delusions, impaired memory, hallucinations and disorientation, which are no different from the side effects of alcohol alone. Marijuana has proven medical benefits. For example, investigators at Columbia University published clinical trial data in 2007, showing that HIV/AIDS patients who inhaled cannabis four times daily experienced substantial increases inShow MoreRelatedArgumentative Essay : Legalization Of Marijuana1387 Words   |  6 PagesAmanda Montoya April 14, 2014 Kathy severance Argumentative essay #2 Legalization of Marijuana Marijuana has been used in religious ceremonies or for medical purposes for thousands of years. I have always been against the use of Marijuana up until four years ago when my husband at the age of twenty seven underwent invasive surgery on his knee and has never been the same since. Colorado took a huge step several years ago legalizing marijuana for medical use and in recent years took the plungeRead MoreArgumentative Essay : The Legalization Of Marijuana1293 Words   |  6 PagesArgumentative Essay: The Legalization of Marijuana in the United States Should we legalize marijuana? That is an excellent question. First, we must explore the history of Cannabis. Cannabis was introduced to the United States in the 1600’s, first encouraged by the federal government for domestic hemp production, cannabis soon became a required crop for farmers to grow. Hemp was recognized for its medical benefits and was the main fiber used in industrial textiles. Marijuana thrived until the earlyRead MoreThe Legalization of Marijuana: An Argumentative Essay1704 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Legalization of Marijuana When it comes to the American war on drugs, marijuana is one of the biggest enemies. And in view of the fact that alcohol and tobacco, two life threatening substances, are officially permitted it is a pertinent question to ask why marijuana is not (Chopra et al 2002). The taxpayers of America can to a degree answer this question when they fill out their tax forms and when they hear the ruthless oratory used against marijuana by the government. The reality that marijuanaRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Legalization Of Marijuana1072 Words   |  5 PagesThe subject of marijuana legalization has been an exceedingly popular discussion topic in recent years and, as time goes on, only seems to grow more popular. This discussion has resulted in many arguments that support marijuana’s legalization. One popular argument says that since alcohol is worse for you, and alcohol is legal, marijuana should be legalized. However, this argument that marijuana should be legalized because marijua na’s effects when consumed or smoked are better than those of alcoholRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Legalization Of Marijuana901 Words   |  4 PagesThe legalization of Marijuana is a topic that has been discussed for many years. It has had many support as well as opposition. This topic has caused a lot of controversy over the years. 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But in recent years, Marijuana has become a symbol of rebellion and laziness, thanks in part to the War on Drugs. Many argue for and against its legalization but there is one thing that they can agree on; the legalization of Marijuana for Medical and Re creational uses will have a tremendous impact on society and the cultures of the UnitedRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Marijuana Legalization783 Words   |  4 Pagesthem. Marijuana is one of those options because to some people its bad, but to others it is good. Marijuana should be legalized as it will bring many positives. However, it will bring some negatives as well. That may cause issues with the government or businesses. Legalization towards anything in society will always have positives and negatives. Marijuana Legalization has many positives which can help society. 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Research Critique Free Essays

Moses Williams NURS 450 Professor Peggy Melloh Introduction Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is a fairly common complication in hospitalized patients. Nosocomial infection prevention and patient safety promotion has been issued and many researches have been conducted to improve patient’s quality of life. In this article, Saint et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Critique or any similar topic only for you Order Now (2005) hypothesize that using a paper-based urinary catheter reminder can reduce the incidence of urinary catheterization, and consequently this will enhance the patients’ safety. Critique Part 1 Research Questions or Hypotheses The background and significance of this study are properly presented in the introduction. The research question is presented at the end of the introduction of this article. Saint et al. (2005) develop the research question based on the scientific backgrounds they selected and reviewed: â€Å"Is a urinary catheter reminder effective in reducing the incidence of indwelling urethral catheterization in the hospitalized patients? † (p. 456). The Independent variable is â€Å"a urinary catheter reminder† and the dependent variable is â€Å"the incidence of indwelling urethral catheterization. The research question appropriately states the relationship between â€Å"a urinary catheter reminder† and â€Å"the incidence of indwelling urethral catheterization,† thus the research question is specific to one relationship. The research question is generated from PICO information which means population, intervention, comparison, and outcome (LoBiondo-Wood Haber, 2010, p. 63). In this study, population is the hospitalized patients in the University of Michigan Medical Center and a total of 5,678 patients participate in the study. Intervention is ‘using’ a catheter reminder and comparison is ‘not using’ a catheter reminder. Outcome is the effectiveness of a use of the reminder. Although hypothesis is not directly written in the article, Saint et al. (2005) imply that a paper-based reminder of indwelling urinary catheter might help reduce improper catheterization. The research question is not placed in a theoretical framework; however, the conceptual framework is enclosed in the literature review of the article. Two conceptual frameworks are applied to develop the research question: one is patient safety promotion and the other one is infection prevention. The rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is relatively high among the nosocomial infections. Although indwelling urinary catheters are common and essential for some hospitalized patients, sometime these are unnecessarily applied. In this paper, a simple written reminder might cut down the use of indwelling urinary catheters and consequently this can reduce the rate of CAUTI and improve patient safety. The purpose of this study is not directly stated, but it can be inferred from the research question. The purpose of this study is to test the effectiveness of a indwelling catheter reminder in decreasing the use of indwelling urinary catheter. The level of evidence of the research does not explain the significance of the study completely, but this is one of the skills that can assist the readers to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of a research (LoBiondo-Wood Haber, 2010). This research is Level III because of its quasi-experimental design which tests cause-and-effect relationships. Saint et al. (2005) investigate the relationship between the use of a urinary catheter reminder and the incidence of indwelling urethral catheterization. In order to apply evidence in practice, the nurses should assess the potential for applicability first. Saint et al. (2005) bring up the problem that indwelling urinary catheter-associated infection â€Å"accounts for up to 40% of nosocomial infections. † Another problem they find is that many physicians are often unaware of urinary catheterization in their patients. Unfortunately, these overlooked catheters are unnecessarily applied in some patients, and then the rate of CAUTI can be increased. Based on these findings, Saint et al. 2005) hypothesize that a written reminder can help the physicians remember that their patients have indwelling urinary catheter, so this awareness of urinary catheterization can reduce the incidence of indwelling urinary catheter. Review of the Literature This article does not provide the search strategy including a number of databases and other resources which identify key published and unpublished research. In this article, both the primary sourc es and the theoretical literatures are collected and appraised in order to generate the research question and to conduct knowledge-based research. In the section of the literature review, nineteen professional articles are appraised in order to provide the significance and background of the study. Saint develops the research question based on these analyses. â€Å"Catheter-associated urinary tract infections in surgical patients: A controlled study on the excess morbidity and costs† is one of the primary sources written by Givens and Wenzel who conduct and analyze this study. In addition, â€Å"Clinical and economic consequences of nosocomial catheter-related bacteriuria† is a review of a literature article which is the secondary source. Although many studies state that patient safety is a top priority and CAUTI can be controlled by the caution of health care providers, the infection rate is relatively high among other nosocomial infections. One of the reasons Saint and colleagues uncovered is unawareness and negligence by health care providers. In appraising the literatures, Saint finds â€Å"over one-third of attending physicians were unaware that their own hospitalized patients had indwelling urinary catheter† (2005, p. 456). This article was published in 2005. Among thirty two resources, eighteen articles were published before 2000 and twelve articles were published within past five years. In this paper, the oldest article Saint et al. (2005) reviewed is â€Å"Factors predisposing to bacteriuria during indwelling urethral catheterization† which was published in 1974. This implies that indwelling urinary catheter-associated infection has been issued for more than forty years, and many researchers still work on this topic. The literature review is coherently organized so that the readers can understand straightforwardly why this study is planned. Saint et al. 2005) state prevalent and essential use of indwelling urinary catheter in hospitalized patients, and then they question its safety. They point out some problems caused by indwelling urinary catheter, including indwelling urinary catheter-associated infection, the patient discomfort, and increased health care cost. In some patients, the indwelling urinary catheters are not necessarily applied due to a lack of awareness of physicians. Therefore, Saint et al. (2005) come up with the idea that a simple and written reminder assists physicians to be aware of the indwelling catheterization in their atients, so the chances of catheterization will be reduced and the rate of the indwelling urinary catheter-associated infection will be decreased simultaneously. Saint et al. summarize the literature review by stating, â€Å"an innovative system-wide administrative intervention designed to remind physicians that their patient has an indwelling catheter in place might help reduce inappropriate catheterization† (2005, p. 456). In addition, this logical summary makes them develop the research question appropriately. Internal and External Validity This study barely has a potential threat to external validity. On the contrary, the external validity of the findings might be increased because Saint et al. (2005) apply the intervention in a real hospital setting, then the findings can be generalized and applied to other hospital setting. In order to reduce the threats to internal validity, the independent variable is only manipulated in the intervention group. In other words, the intervention group only gets a urinary catheter reminder to test effectiveness of it. The baseline of differences in age, sex, length of hospital stay, and catheterization is adjusted. The intervention fidelity is maintained throughout the study. Everyday, one nurse gathers information on â€Å"catheter status, reason for catheterization, and recatheterization† (Saint et al. , 2005, p. 457). Also, the time and method of collecting data is constantly maintained. The enhancement strategy such as â€Å"email, use of tap flag, and paging† is used in order to minimize physician’s ignorance with a reminder and to increase physician’s response. Research Design The study uses a pretest-posttest design with a nonequivalent control group, which is one of the quasi-experimental designs. Four hospital wards are selected and divided in two groups. Two wards are assigned to the intervention group to which the reminders are offered, and the other two wards are assigned to the control group. Data is collected for sixteen months, and sixteen months is divided into two eight-month periods which is pre- and post-intervention (Saint et al. 2005, p. 456). A nonequivalent control group design is adequate for this study because the esearcher can observe the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of a reminder by comparing the outcomes between intervention group and control group. Also, during pre-intervention periods, baseline data can be collected in both intervention and control group which will decrease bias. However, the researcher can simply assume that the condition of both groups is similar at the beginning of the research (LoBiondo-Wood Haber, 2010). T herefore, the quasi-experimental design is proper to conduct this study in order to answer the research question. References American Psychological Association. (2002). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. LoBiondo-Wood, G. , Haber, J. (2010). Nursing Research: Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice (7th ed. ). St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier. Saint, S. , Kaufman, S. , Thompson, M. , Rogers, M. , Chenoweth, C. (2005). A Reminder Reduces Urinary Catheterization in Hospitalized Patients. Journal on Quality and Patient Safety. 31(8), 455-462. How to cite Research Critique, Essays

Cultural Planning for Economic - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCultural Planningfor Economic Turn and Globalization. Answer: Introduction Cultural planning can be considered as an approach that supports the cultural turn that includes the positioning and marketing of the cities. The main aspect of cultural planning is to plan that how cities might work and survive in terms of new emerging economic turn and globalization. Cultural planning integrates the two different aspects, which are art and culture. Cultural planning is associated with the vitality, economies and ambience of the places for achieving the main objective. This essay will focus on discussing that what is cultural planning and how culture is a part of art and life of people. Paper will also discuss the strength, weakness, limitations and opportunities of the Penrith Citys Cultural Plan. What is Cultural Planning? Cultural planning is the very important element and potential aspect of the economic growth. Cultural planning can also be considered as the spinning wheel for cultural tourism. This is a new approach for regeneration of the cities and urban planning. This is a new approach of planning the cities by focusing on the cultural aspects. The idea of the creative city heralded form the 1990s that challenged the traditional ways of city planning, and the development planners turned towards art and culture as the tools for development. Therefore, cultural planning is considered as the approach that focuses on development of the city through developing the liveable and distinctive communities that can attract the huge amount of the capital and social investments. According to the term cultural planning is considered to be a coordinated way of that focuses on recognizing and developing the local cultural values customs, rituals, priorities, everyday life activities and beliefs (Stevenson, 2005 ). The changing definition of cultural planning has placed on the cultural heritage of the cities and economic benefits are recognized. The tangible and intangible aspects of the culture and arts are used to promote the place. Changing Definition of Cultural Planning All forms of creativity are integrated in cultural planning artistic and cultural aspects are integrated with economic and technological factors, which are mainly influenced by the changing definition of cultural planning. Cultural planning has been integrated in the influential cultural planning treaties that are specifically found in the literature of Australia (Stevenson, 2013). Arts have been used as the significant element in the revitalization of many cities and towns. The literature associated with cultural planning in Australia has been associated with reshaping the orientation, development, and popularity of cultural in the country. Charles Landry and John Montgomery in the year 2003 include the creative city approach to the local cultural policy (Stevenson, 2013). Including culture and arts is not the only objective of cultural planning of a city, but it also focuses on developing the eco-system, and natural habitats. Planning also supports the cultural and lifestyle develo pment for developing the cutting edge and artistic communities. With the cultural forms, the land and water resources are also integrated in planning. The studies have stated that culture is considered as the form of art and culture is also a process. The changing definition of cultural planning has also given rise to significant tension. The tension is between the goal of continuing to support traditional arts activities and organizations at the same time as arguing against the privileging of these forms and objects of creative practice (Stevenson, 2013, p. 13). The changing definition of cultural planning also requires focusing on intersectionality, as Australia is a country with great diversity. In the late 20th century cultural planning has been considered as cultural renaissance (Evans, 2002). Cultural Planning in Penrith Council Plan The major strength of the plan is that it recognizes the arts and culture of the Aboriginal people of Australia and considers them as the original owners of the land. The community plan recognizes the strength of the communities it is focusing on. According to the study of Markusen (2006), economic development planning is increasingly emphasizing on the human capital side of the growth equation, stressing on occupation in analysis and policy (Markusen, 2006, p. 3). Therefore, the strength of the plan lies in emphasizing the growth based on the human capital. The plan considers that people in the community are the partners in the cultural development of the city. The growth of the creative city and cultural development is also based on the development and improvement of the important cultural centers and natural resources (like Nepean River). Plan focuses on generating new jobs for the community people and significantly emphasizes on the development of the indigenous community. The weakness of the cultural planning could be evaluated in terms of lack of integration of technology in planning (Mills, 2003). The urban cultural planning need to implement the technology based strategies to meet the needs of the new urbanism movement. For the genius loci,of the Penrith City, new urbanism requires to create and restore the facilities of transport, housing, entertainment, education and economics (Mercer, 2006). The plan also offers the education and training opportunities for the local people, community groups, Aboriginal people and youth, which can be considered as the significant opportunity for financial development of the city. The opportunities can also be seen in the development of the infrastructure that can be considered as important for overcoming the political, moral and aesthetic shortcomings (Stevenson, 2013). The inclusive approach that this plan has is the inclusion of the marginalized groups, such as youth, migrants, indigenous, senior citizens, disabled and refugees. This is the best want to articulate the human capital and fulfilling the creative needs of the public investment (Markusen, 2006). Hetrotopia integrates the culture and society and the lands and resources are considered as the physical, social and economic landscapes. The recent decades have displayed the obsessive tendency towards the creative urban development (Kliger Cosgrove, 1999). Gentrification has become the process of developing the cities through the power of arts, generate consumption and attract more capital (Grodach, 2016). Creating the creative environment is specifically dependent on the arts and arts focuses on gentrification for the urban and neighborhood development. The triangular conflict is seen between the economic, political and environment thoughts. The sustainability of the creative cities has to be included in the current model of development and this sustainability can be achieved through indigenous culture and their inspiring visions. Political conflicts of the industrial society can be seen as the useful principle for cultural planning of the city. Conclusion This essay is focused on the concept of cultural planning. Cultural planning is a view and significant approach towards the development of the creative cities that focuses on the arts and culture of the place. Cultural planning uses the culture and art as the essential element of development planning. Paper discussed the strength and weakness of the Penrith Regional City. This essay also discussed the various concepts associated with cultural planning. Bibliography Evans, G., 2002.Cultural planning: an urban renaissance?. Routledge. Grodach, C., 2016. Arts, gentrification, and planning for creativity.Carolina Planning Journal,41, pp.22-29. Kliger, B., Cosgrove, L. (1999). Local cross-cultural planning and decision-making with indigenous people in Broome, Western Australia.Ecumene,6(1), 51-71. Markusen, A., 2006, November. Cultural planning and the creative city. Inannual American Collegiate Schools of Planning meetings, Ft. Worth, TX. Mercer, C., 2006. Cultural planning for urban development and creative cities.Unpublished manuscript. Accessed May 8, 2017. https://www.kulturplan-oresund.dk/pdf/Shanghai_cultural_planning_paper.pdf Mills, D., 2003. Cultural planningpolicy task, not tool.Artwork Magazine,55, pp.7-11. Stevenson, D., 2013.Cities of culture: A global perspective(Vol. 111). Routledge. Stevenson, D., 2005. 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