Early Childhood Development Essay

The work we do as early childhood educators is self-explanatory we work with children. We are expected to work with young children to communicate with them, play with them, care for their physical needs, teach them, and provide them with a sense of psychological comfort and security. In early childhood care and education we regard all areas of development- social, emotional, intellectual and physical- as important and interconnected. Because young children are vulnerable and dependent on adults for responsive care, we will be responsive care, we will expected to nurture and support all aspects of development. Intentional teaching will be an important part of your preparation to be a teacher. Learning to select appropriate teaching strategies and to practice explaining why you choose them. As a part of the current emphasis on standards you will probably be expected to know what standards are used in your state and your program. Design a curriculum that addresses early learning standards assess what children have learned in terms of standards. Identify how you are meeting standards in your work with families. You may find yourself being a consultant, a social worker, an advocate, a teacher, a reporter, a librarian, a mediator, a translator, a social director, and a postal carrier. Your job will be varied, engaging, and challenging. An important feature of the role that early childhood educator is working collaboratively with other adults. You have to figure out what qualities make you a good teacher of young children. Personal characteristics temperament, multiple intelligences are examples of personal values. Teachers need personal values and morality, and good attitude towards diversity. You need the impact of life experiences and the ability to reflect on them. Teachers are those of specialized knowledge and skills. Being a teacher requires have professional commitment and behavior. They have legal responsibilities to adhere to professional values and ethics. My educational requirements include a BA degree and elementary teacher certification, specialized training my include training in early childhood education. Licensure varies by state. A job becomes a calling when the purpose is important.

Chronology in ‘A Rose for Emily’

William Faulkner takes into account the ever-complicated concept of time in â€Å"A Rose for Emily†. It is a manifestation his contemplation on the nature of time. It lacks a standard chronology. Faulkner ensnare almost three quarters of century in a few page story. He does it superbly by avoiding a proper chronological order.Faulkner skillfully put the story up to demonstrate the indefinable and intangible character of time. He constructs it in such a subtle manner that it is hard to detect any chronological order of the plot. Time does not flow in a linear direction but take a circular direction with the progress of story.Fault consciously or unconsciously does not concern himself with specific dates. A handful of explicit dates are cited in the story.   But these indications reveal as plenty of information about the linear chronology of the vents. For example, it is quite clear that remittance of Emily’s taxes by Colonel Sartoris takes place in 1894.It is further p rovided that he is dead for the last ten years and this the time Emily meets the new aldermen. Story further discloses that Emily died at 74. This hint capacitates us to construct a linear chronology of the events.The linear sequence of events in Emily’s life is as follow; Section 4 illustrates her birth during civil war. Section 2 describes a joint ride with her father in an old wagon.Her father dies. Homer Barron appears on the scene and an amorous affairs starts with Emily in section 3. She purchases male lavatory set and outfits for him in section 4. We are again forced to revert back to section 3 when town people degrade him and reverted back and summon her cousin. Section 4 is marked with the arrival of cousins and departure of Homer from the town.He returns back after the exit of her cousins. We again slip back to section 3 where Emily purchase poison from a local vendor and Homer disappears in the next section. Section 2 illustrate stink from her house indicating his death and four aldermen are shown sprinkling water on her grave. Faulkner has used a novel narrative technique as story starts with Emily’s funeral (the end) and concludes with the finding of Homer’s rotten dead body.Faulkner’s concept of time and its effective utilization does not weaken the story but it is the most obvious strength of its plot, construction and thematic expressions. Although presentation of time in this manner is mostly related is subject to philosophical orientation of the author but it had deep impact on the plot.He merges past into present and present into past and this feature of the story captivates the reader. â€Å"Faulkner gives the story a chronology, but as with so many of his stories, we have to sort it out† (McGlynn 461); Furthermore, it hinders the formulation of reader’s judgment about Emily till the end.The effects of this non-linear chronology on the story are beautifully summed up by McGlynn (1969). He says that â€Å"A chronology of ‘A Rose for Emily’ is useful for at least two reasons: it makes the plot more easily comprehensible, and it helps clarify the function of time in the story† (461).By evading a clear and linear chronological order of events, Faulkner attempts to provide his reader a riddle comprised of various bits. However, he provides clues to facilitate this puzzle-solving. The motive behind this exercise seems to involve his reader more deeply in the story.ReferencesFaulkner, William. A rose for Emily. Columbus; Merrill. 1970.McGlynn, Paul D. William Faulkner: An Interpretation; â€Å"The Chronology of ‘A Rose for Emily,†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Studies in Short Fiction. 6. 1969.

Marine Bio 4.03

r 1. Name two types of sickness you can get from phytoplankton in Florida, and describe how you can get them. What symptoms led to the diagnosis of our patients? Some of the major diseases are NSP, and PSP which typically come from Brevetoxins, Saxitoxins, Gonyautoxins, & many more. The typical symptoms includerespiratory distress, allergic reactions and skin conditions 2. Explain how an HAB outbreak can have a devastating economic impact.The impact can be devastating because there are assortments of the fish that are caught that may have been contaminated with toxic algae and many fish are killed as a result. 3. Why do you think it can be difficult to determine the causes of HAB related illnesses and events? Many of the symptoms are like every sickness which include sniffling, coughing, sneezing, running nose, itchy eyes and a sore throat. it may be confused as a common cold or fever. 4. Summarize how the conditions found in the Gulf of Mexico contribute to the overgrowth of phytopl ankton.The Gulf of Mexico is a highly polluted area, due to the run-off from the coasts. Run-off comes in the from fertilizers and pesticides from agriculture that often collect in rivers that most of the time flows right  into the Gulf. 5. Explain how a Harmful Algal Bloom can impact an ecosystem. Many of the harmful algal blooms release toxins as they grow larger. Algae blooms grow quickly. As they grow they starve the air of oxygen and  block sunlight which many aquatic plants and animals need to survive. 6.

Americans versus the Spanish Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Americans versus the Spanish Culture - Essay Example Pietri managed to illustrate the actual state of the cultural rivalry and the differences between the American and the Spanish communities in America. The poem clearly showed the differences, mostly due to his decision to use a number of issues such as differences in language, skin colour, and economic differences. Culturally, people of the Spanish community were considered slaves of the Americans and were supposed to work in their fields, industries and homes, ultimately dying with the poverty they came with to the country. The poem explored their deplorable conditions, their lack of ambition and their high level of suffering. Pedro Pietri revealed that hardly could the Spanish escape poverty that ravaged their masses. Instead, they died in hope for a better life, like owning some form of property, for example, a piece of land or a house. In their efforts to impress their bosses, they frequently died. He sympathized with them, for he never saw a possible end to the problems in the f oreseeable future. The scolding and demeanour of the race is evident, with the writer noting that some workers wished death would befall their supervisors so that they could get a pay rise. He actually sympathized with the troubled race of the Spanish and their hopeless condition. (Pietri 1-11). Rodriguez (7) gave his reasons for believing in the existence of cultural differences between the Americans and the Spanish. However, he did not vividly highlight the effects of this difference, just like Pedro Pietri did. His is a story of his

Critically discuss the importance of corporate sponsorship in the Essay - 1

Critically discuss the importance of corporate sponsorship in the events industry - Essay Example A general analysis of the importance of corporate sponsorship in events to the audience reveals that the audience is often in a position to gain, but these gains can be both positive and negative for the parties involved. On the positive perspective, there is issuance of presents and gifts that corporate sponsors often bring with them to woo and reward the audience into and for attending the sponsored event. This is a crucial aspect in that the audience gets to interact with what the corporates have to offer in terms of services and goods through their attendance and sponsorship. Moreover, it offers the corporate an opportunity to market and promote their products, services to the society thereby tapping into potential markets. However, some of these corporates take advantage of the audience to run entertainment events or, in some cases, competitions. These competitions, which are held as raffles only indulge members of the audience, and they serve to entertain the audience and provi de a sense of reality in their interactions. However, this is not fully beneficial for the audience in that some institutions bring out their goods or services in the form of prototypes that they would like to test for the first time. The application of this strategy is usually to the disadvantage of the audience in that any side effects that come to be, only affect the audience, who are usually not informed. However, in some noble cases, the audience is notified of new products by the institution in question, which serves to their benefit in that they engage in a rare feat. Engaging in an event or getting to be part of the unveiling of a new product or service, although as a test product, is a crucial aspect for an audience as it serves as first-hand experience to cherish. Moreover, the service or product is usually free of charge, which means it works for all parties involved in terms of creating an image, as shall be seen later. Altogether, there remains discord towards the benef its and damages of sponsorship towards audiences and their wellbeing. The importance of corporate sponsorship can also be analysed from the perspective of the

Ordeal by Fire The Civil War and Reconstruction by James McPherson and Essay

Ordeal by Fire The Civil War and Reconstruction by James McPherson and James Hogue - Essay Example The Free Soil Party argued that unlike in slavery, a free society provided greater moral and economic gains. In light of the clear cut agenda, the party worked to press for a repeal of existing slavery laws in Ohio, and New York among other states (Byrne, 2006). The Wilmot Proviso is one of the key historical developments that led to the American Civil War. The proviso would have outlawed slavery in all the new areas annexed from Mexico or from any other place later on. However, conservatism elements were eventually pitted against the advocates for a free society during the American Civil War. The Compromise of 1850 comprised a set of legislation endorsed by Congress in an effort to resolve slavery, which threatened to divide the country (Byrne, 2006). Despite the incorporation of controversial clauses in it, it was successfully passed by Congress and immediately united the country on slavery (Mitchell, 2001). The law kept the Union stronger by stemming cases of an imminent split, thus delaying the eruption of the Civil War by a decade. The Kansas–Nebraska Act, enacted in 1854 established Kansas and Nebraska states. This expanded the American territory for civilian occupation and effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise, which had been adopted three decades earlier. The new law granted people the authority to decide slavery issues. As a result, pro-slavery settlers came from Missouri to Kansas to exercise this right. Their political clout in territorial polls was usually boosted by Missourians who made their way into Kansas mainly to take part in the polls. They created strong movements such as the Blue Lodges. Eventually, abolitionist settlers arrived in Kansas from the East with the sole aim of freeing the state of slavery.

Carter's brand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Carter's brand - Essay Example Most of the families have two wage earners. In general, Carter's is focused on three different markets namely infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. (Carter's Company Profile, 2006). Strategy Statement. Be in one of the most highly rated industries for stability and success, Carter's offers a high quality clothes to everyone who wants excellence for their children. It is advantage is that Carter's meets the requirement of wide audience marketing fashion made of high quality materials. The high quality materials are the main criterion for Carter's. It does not want to reduce costs of production as it can worsen quality of goods (Caster's Inc, 2006). Recommended Message Strategy. In order to compete on the market, Carter's can implement new product line based on natural materials only for those who are health conscious and are willing to pay for natural fabric and dyes. This strategy will help to create a core of loyal supporters and repeat buyers. The target audience of Carter's will not be changed greatly, although Carter's can attract high income market segment that can afford high quality baby clothes at high price. This new line will help to penetrate to new market and create a strong target audience. The sales strategy is to build and open new locations on schedule in order to increase revenue. This strategy will help to overcome possible demographic changes and attract new market segment in order to sustain strong brand and market image as a leader in the USA baby clothes and apparel for fashionable youngsters SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths 1. Brand Recognition. Carter's brand creates a complex bundle of images and experiences in the customer's mind. It represents a promise about a high quality children clothes and the latest fashion designs. Carter's brand recognition helps it to differentiate the company's offering from all others. Customers integrate all their experiences of observing, using, or consuming children clothes with everything they hear and read about it (Carter's, Inc. Reuters, 2006). 2. Brand Equity. Brand equity represents the added value that accrues to a product as a result of Carter's prior investments in the marketing of the brand. Brand equity is thought of as an asset representing the value created by the relationship between the brand and customers over time. The stronger the relationship, the greater the equity. For example, the value of Carter's has been estimated to run in the billion of dollars (Caster's Inc, 2006; Fill, 1999). 3 Stable Financial Growth. Carter's retail value is about $17 billion, and expected to jump up to $20 billion by 2010. Also, "total wholesale sales increased $8.4 million, or 9.3%, to $99.0 million in the first quarter of fiscal 2005 from $90.6 million in the first quarter of fiscal 2004" (Quarterly Report: Carter's, 2005.). This tendency shows that Carter's is able to react to changing economic conditions and increase sales volume which is about 17.0% a year (Caster's Inc. Hoovers, 2006). 4. Technological Innovations used by Carter's include Internet marketing. Internet marketing has a wider possibility than traditional marketing. For instance, Carter's uses bolt-on systems based on the addition of an e-business system as a value added service to existing supply chains. These types of B2C systems are common among retailers like Carter's and help to attract more customers and

Vignette 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Vignette 4 - Essay Example The three boys of three-fifth grade occupy themselves into disreputable activities during the process of learning. Teachers and students must learn the relevant ways of navigating within cultural differences in a respectful way and atmosphere of mutual respect. This promotes learning in the most effective ways to develop ideas that promote development within learning. Students increase their ability of learning when lessons are conducted in a culturally responsive manner that is consistent with the community values and norms of interaction. It is essential for teachers to teach students new methods of learning that involves interactive cultural participation since it promotes students learning. In vignette 4, students shout out answers that elicit laughter interrupting the learning process. It disrupts the other students’ attention and develops disrespect to the other scholars, as the teacher suit irrelevancy in displaying her duties as an instructor. Classroom applications of Vyogotskian theory explain the importance of teacher preparation and changing roles of teacher in the socio cultural classroom. The theory explains the changing roles of teachers and students to develop understanding in their roles and teaching methods. Moreover, socio cultural developments of Vygoskian theory determines learning patterns that helps teachers in developing relevant teaching methods for the students especially in their different cultures that makes the learning process interesting. Moreover, students’ talking to each other in the same classroom signifies insolence and poor listening skills among the students. Such students automatically perform poorly at the end of the semester because some of the important aspects taught in the classroom overlook them and they no longer become familiar with some of the important details that were taught in that lecture. Based on psychology and education, influence on naturalism is the main cause of

Complete a poetry analysis for Whispers in the Wind Assignment

Complete a poetry analysis for Whispers in the Wind - Assignment Example A reflective poem about her married life with a husband who was ashamed of her Cherokee blood. She wrote â€Å"Whispers in the Wind† as an ode to her ancestors. The poem was a message from her to them. Putting into words the sentiments that her family have long held dear about the way the Cherokee Indian tribes were mistreated and massacred by the White colonialists. In deep pain she declares: Evidently the poem is all about the cultural context of her words. Through this poem she declares that their Cherokee bloodline shall not die, nor shall the remaining tribe members be ashamed of it. Instead, their generation will accept the mission set before them. That of making peace and amends between the White man and the Red Skins. What was taken from them can never be returned indeed. But, it is never too late to make amends in order to bring a sense of forgiveness and satisfaction towards the lost lives of their ancestors who fought valiantly to preserve what was originally their land. She personifies the voice of her ancestors through the whispers that she hears in the wind. The messages that she receives from them as she sits alone on some nights, contemplating her heritage and her present, trying to find a common ground between the two. Hers is a difficult life for she has to be both White and Indian at the same time. Through the poem, she declares that her heritage is valuable to her and she shall never let it fall to the wayside. Rather, she calls upon the others in her tribe to find a way to keep their noble heritage alive in a world where it has lost its relevance. Whispers in the Wind is a tribute to her ancestors and their gallant bravery in the face of hardship and abuse. Through her poem, she managed to bring them back to life even if only on paper. The poem was written for them as way for her to honor and love those ancestors from the past. As she tells her readers: That she has done with this particular poem. She has managed to remind

Family Care International Company Analysis Statistics Project

Family Care International Company Analysis - Statistics Project Example The importance of a nonprofit organization is that it helps in the development and the betterment of living of certain individuals within a society. Their role is important in providing assistance to the people wherein they seek of gaining profit and most of the times are voluntarily made by the members of the group. Will you do a strategic planning framework? The strategy to be employed for this project is a performance measure, wherein the project will present the internal and external environment of the organization, the strategic points employed by it and also the increased and also analyzing the performance of the organization in helping people who it intends to help. Performance measures are objective, quantitative indicators of various aspects of the performance of public programs and agencies. Basically the mission of FCI is to launch women groups who will help women and children in African countries and assure that their family life will be properly protected by them. The pl an will be for the entire organization, that is, it will help the institution to assess their performance and improve it for the future. Basically, the rigid laws governing the nonprofit organizations regarding their handling of money and the tax exemption can affect on their productivity. Thus, the organization may have a hard time to continue their operations and processing of data within the organization will be slow. Productivity and innovation will be difficult as the laws make it hard for them to do it. The plan will follow the following outline: About FCIA. Mission b. Principles and Activities Internal Environment of FCI External Environment of FCI Models of Management of FCI Performance of FCI This project will adopt a qualitative method wherein the researcher will have to talk personally to the staff of FCI to be able to assess their knowledge towards their own mission and organization. This style is more feasible in aiming of a collective response and personal approach in obtaining the needed data for the study. Qualitative style can help the researcher analyze how FCI can better help the people and obtain their objectives. PART 2 Stakeholder Analysis and Engagement Plan The stakeholders include The World Bank, non-governmental organizations (World Vision and Action Aid International), World Health Organization, health experts (Medical doctors, clinical officers and nutritionists), women and children below the age of 14 years, as well as the government (US Government). The place of each stakeholder on the power vs. interest grid below Low-High Women & children (below the age of 14 years) High-high World Bank World Health Organization NGO’s (Above mentioned) Low-low Health experts (Med

Leave No Child Behind, Reading First Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leave No Child Behind, Reading First - Essay Example It aims to formulate methods and tools from research to complement the course and monitor effectiveness of the program through grade level testing. President Bush commitment that all American children will receive a high quality education paved way to the promulgation of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001 enacting Bipartisan education reform as the cornerstone of his administration. The NCLB Act was signed by President George Bush on January 8, 2002. (US Dept. of Educ., Overview, 2005) Literally mapping a state of difference with regards to budget implementation and measure of education control and monitoring success gives America an edge to measure education progress by creatively emphasizing school competitiveness and reports on performance system. The No Child Left Behind Act increases the accountability of the schools, school districts and the States to the Capital. It aims to give parents a better option to allow them to choose which public school their children will attend. It increased its focus to reading and act on the perspective of standard based education reform. It was a bipartisan reform act of Senator Edward Kennedy and President George Bush. ... In the 107th congress in March 2001, the Act began as House Resolution 1. It passed the House of Representatives on December 13, 2001 and the Senate on December 18, 2001. (Wikipedia Foundation, 2006) C. Provisions and Features of NCLB Act To complement the all American aim of competing global market technology and labor, President Bush prepared the nation a firm base to start future production of American geniuses. This entirely theorize the computation of the life span of a person to determine age towards starting state responsibility through reading comprehension as early as the age level of the third grade. Increasing the literacy of the people especially the children makes the Capital manage a very intelligent and highly interactive state voter that can navigate economics and politics globally. This is a wise vision of a nation transformation to 100% literacy and a fore runner in world class standard education programs. Applauding the NCLB Act, it could mean a fore runner in almost everything, science, industry, politics, technology and economics. 1. Funding The government has been spending a lot on this education reform act to all of the states to improve education and the upgrade schools standards and efficiency. In relation thereof, every parent has the right to choose which public school they want to send their child in case the school by which their child is presently studying does not qualify or satisfy their choices. As an extension, in case the proximity of the school is a little farther from the current school location the parents reserve the right to ask for transportation allowance from the school districts from which they belong for this matter. Everything is being taken cared of. There absolutely is no reason for the school or the

Time Travel Essay Example for Free

Time Travel Essay People often wish that they could go back to the past and correct their wrong behaviors or go to the future and see what it turns out to be like. The idea of time travel has been the topic of science fiction movies and novels, and has been studied by great scientists throughout history. â€Å"Ideas of time travel have existed for centuries, but when Albert Einstein released his theory of special relativity, he laid the foundation for the theoretical possibility of time travel. As we all know, no one has successfully demonstrated time travel, but no one has been able to rule it out either. Time has fascinated people throughout the dawn of civilization. People have spent their life thinking about these concepts and the ideas behind them† (Kulkarni,2011). Although the possibility of time travel has been criticized, a lot of modern scientists still argue that time travel is possible. This paper attempts to prove that time travel is possible. To better understand this assertion, we first need to study where this concept started and primarily the theories supporting this claim. Then, how it would be possible to travel to the future and to the past. Also, the philosophical understandings which include paradoxes and other arguments that tend to disprove the possibility of time travel. Ideas about time travel has been passed from generations to generations and it could be traced back to the years before the birth of Jesus Christ. â€Å" Time travel is the concept of traveling forward and backward to different points in time, much as we do 4 through space† ( Crystalinks, 2010). Many of the early works featuring elements of time travel have been claimed to be the earliest so there is no widespread agreement as to which written work should be recognized as the earliest example of a time travel story. Ancient folk tales and myths sometimes involved something the same to traveling to the future in time for example, in Hindu mythology, Mahabharata and Urashima Taro which is a Japanese tale. â€Å"Memoirs of the Twentieth Century† by Samuel Madden was an early story with ideas of time travel backwards. The first time travel was described through the book of Charles Dicken entitled â€Å" A Christmas Carol† , Ebenezer Scrooge, as the main character, is transported to Christmas past, present and yet to come. Two stories entitled â€Å"El Acronopete† and â€Å"The Time Machine† written by Gaspar y Rimbau and H. G. Wells respectively are the first stories to feature time travel with the aid of time machines. Again, a lot of people have been talking about the concept of time travel since years before the birth of our Lord and until now. What are the theories about time travel and what are Einsteins theories supporting it ? The answers are the most notably theories of time travel: forwards and backwards and supported by the theories of relativity: the special and general relativity. According to Brian (2001) â€Å"Einstein’s theories of general and special relativity can be used to actually prove that time travel is possible†. In 2011 Kulkarni claimed that â€Å"the special theory gives a unified account of the laws of mechanics and of electromagnetism. Einstein rejected the concepts of absolute space and time and made two postulates (a) the laws of nature are the same for all observers in uniform relative motion and (b) the speed of light is the same for all such observers†. Therefore, with the knowledge and understanding of the ideas of physics particularly on the theory of special relativity of 5 Einstein, one will be able to believe that time travel is possible. â€Å"In 1915, Einstein developed his ideas to form the General Theory of Relativity, in which he considered objects that were being accelerated with respect to one another. He compared the forces of acceleration and gravity and found them to be indistinguishable. For example, an astronaut standing in a rocket on a launch pad would feel himself pressed against the floor because of gravity. If the same rocket was in outer space and not affected by gravity, but with its engines turned on so that it was accelerating, the astronaut would again be pressed against the floor. If the acceleration due to the engines were the same as the acceleration due to gravity, the astronaut would have no way of telling whether the rocket was at rest on the earth or accelerating in outer space unless the looked out of the window. Einstein stated that the attraction to the Earth of a rocket that is resting on a launch pad is equivalent to the acceleration of the rocket. So although in three-dimensional space, the rocket remains stationary, in four-dimensional space-time the rocket is in motion along its world line. The upshot of this motion in space-time is that gravity also makes time run slower†( Kulkarni, 2011). What are the kinds of time travel and what are the ways that will help scientists prove that time travel is possible? The two kinds of time travel are time travel forwards and time travel backwards, which will be made through time dilation, time perception, the use of wormholes, and special-spacetime geometries. Studies conducted by scientists reveal that there is a possibility to time travel to the future. There are two ways presented by them in which a person can time travel forwards: time dilation and time perception. Hawking (2010) states â€Å"I do believe in time travel. Time travel to the future. Time flows like a river and it seems as if each of us is carried 6 relentlessly along by times current. But time is like a river in another way. It flows at different speeds in different places and that is the key to traveling into the future. This idea was first proposed by Albert Einstein over 100 years ago. The first course is to use the idea of time dilation. It has recently been claimed ( Cutnell and Johnson, 2006, p. 610) that â€Å"An observer who is in motion with respect to the events and who views them as occurring at different places measures a dilated time interval. The dilated time interval is greater than the proper time interval, according to the time dilation equation†. For example, an observer might take a trip away from the Earth and back at relativistic velocities, with the trip only lasting a few years according to the observers own clocks, and return to find that thousands of years had passed on Earth†. Indeed, â€Å" once spaceships are built that could fly faster than the speed of light a day on board would be equivalent to a year on Earth. Thats because -according to Einstein- as objects accelerate through space, time slows down around them† (Hawking,2010). Cutnell and Johnson (2006, p. 60) noted, â€Å"A striking confirmation was achieved in 1971 by an experiment carried out by J. C. Hafele and R. E. Keating†. Consequently, time dilation will genuinely help time travelers to time travel to the future if they are able to travel in space. In addition, time travel to the future would be possible through time perception, where the body temperature and metabolic rate of the creature is decreased. Some scientists research on the possibility of time travel to the past and the results demonstrate that it will become true. Certainly, they displayed two possible methods which will help an individual to be able to travel backwards, these are by using wormholes and through the idea of special space time geometries. One view (Brian, 2001) is that, â€Å"Wormholes appear to be the main way that time travel into the past would be 7 possible. Wormholes are holes in the fabric of four dimensional space-time, that are connected, but which originate at different points in space and at different times†. Crystalinks (2010) asserts that â€Å"A proposed time-travel machine using a wormhole would (hypothetically) work something like this: A wormhole is created somehow. One end of the wormhole is accelerated to nearly the speed of light, perhaps with an advanced spaceship, and then brought back to the point of origin. Due to time dilation, the accelerated end of the wormhole has now experienced less subjective passage of time than the stationary end. An object that goes into the stationary end would come out of the other end in the past relative to the time when it enters†. Although, it is hard to build a time machine like a huge spacecraft, still small time machines are possible to be made enabling human beings to travel backwards. Therefore, the use of wormholes is one of the best course to enable a man to time travel to the past. Likewise, time travel to the past will be possible through the idea of special space time geometries that describes the universe under a system of field equations, and there exists solutions to this equations. What is the paradox that hinder the possibility of time travel and what is its resolution? The answer is the grandfather paradox and the Novikov self-consistency principle. Grandfather paradox is a logical contradiction of time travel. Mendham (2005) states that â€Å"This is a very simple idea with serious repercussions for the concept of time travel. Lets say that I invent a time machine and travel into the past. I meet my own grandfather when he was a boy and kill him. The result? One of my parents is never born, therefore I can never be born† . But, a resolution of this paradox was discussed. Mendham (2005) further expained that â€Å"An interesting technical approach to resolving the paradox 8 is the Novikov self-consistency principle proposed by Dr. Igor Novikov. This essentially says that paradoxes wont happen its impossible to create a paradox however hard you try. In this view the universe is in some way self-righting. If you attempt to shoot your grandfather then something will go wrong youll miss, the gun will jam, etc. Or, if you succeed, youll later learn that your father was adopted; so he still gets born and still marries your mother. This reminds me of the anthropic principle: the universe is this way because if it wasnt we wouldnt be here†. Therefore, there is always a possibility traveling forwards and backwards . In conclusion, time travel is possible even though some say it is not. Studies confirmed that time travel is possible. Although others have presented a paradox, the resolutions have also been made. The methods of traveling forwards and backwards are elaborated and they really help in a way to make time travel possible. In addition, critics didnt clearly prove that time travel will be impossible. Therefore, the issue on time travel has been solved even though no one has actually experienced time travel much as we see in movies. In the end, the future development of our technology is in the hands of our scientists and the possibility of time travel is also at them. 9 Bibliography Brian. (2001). Brians View on Time Travel and Interdimensional Voyages. Available: http://www. brianbosak. com/ Crystalinks. (2010). Time Travel. Available: http://www. crystalinks. com/timetravel. html Cutnell, J. D. Johnson, K. W. (2006 ) . Essentials of Physics (1st ed. ). USA: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Gott, J. R. (2002). Time Travel in Einsteins Universe: The Physical Possibilities of Travel Through Time. Boston: Mariner Books. Hawking, S. (2010). Stephen Hawking: â€Å" Time Travel To The Future Is Possible†. Available: http://www. dailygalaxy. com/my_weblog/2010/07/stephen-hawking-time-travel-to-the-future-is-possible. html Kulkarni, D. (2011). thus Time Travel is Possible. Available: http://www. buzzle. com/editorials/6-20-2004-55679. asp Mendham, T. (2005). Time Travel Paradoxes. Available: http://www. horology-stuff. com/time/travel/paradox. html Miller, Kristie (2005). Time travel and the open future. Disputatio Nahin, Paul J. (2001). Time Machines: Time Travel in Physics, Metaphysics, and Science Fiction. Springer-Verlag New York Inc.. Toomey, David (2007). The New Time Travelers: A Journey to the Frontiers of Physics. W. W. Norton Company.

The Factors Affecting Marketing Marketing Essay

The Factors Affecting Marketing Marketing Essay Marketing is the activity and set of processes for creating, communicating, delivering and exchanging offerings which have value for customers, clients and partners. It is defined as the process of determining the needs and wants of consumers and being able to deliver products that satisfy those needs and wants. Marketing includes all activities that are necessary to move a product from the producer to the consumer, an example of marketing is window displays in travel agencies. Thomas Cook changes their window displays quite often as they have many holiday deals to attract their customers, displays have catchy slogans to invite them to find out more about that holiday and reasonable prices including a packaged holiday. The function of marketing is deciding as a whole what services and products the customer will want and what ways they will be delivered to the customer. It also helps a company to identify successful products for the marketplace and then promote them by separating them from similar products. There are seven main functions of marketing; distribution, selling, financing, market information management, pricing, product and service management and promotion. There are different aims of marketing; to increase awareness of the product or service, to increase market share, to research customer needs, to communicate with different customers and to solve any problems which involves affecting the process of marketing. Marketing mix is different elements of a products marketing plan which an organisation uses to meet their customers needs, this is also known as the four Ps; Product, Price, Place and Promotion. Product refers to physical products and services, the following are some examples of product decisions; brand name, styling, packaging, quality and repairs. Some examples of pricing decisions include; seasonal pricing, price flexibility, price discrimination and cash payment discounts. Distribution which refers to the place is all about getting the products to the customer, here are some examples of distribution decisions; order processing, transportation, distribution centres and channels and inventory management. Promotion represents the various aspects of marketing, its goals is to generate a positive customer response by following decisions which include; sales promotions, advertising, personal selling and public relations and publicity. An example of marketing mix is a new company who is starting up their own company is trying to spend more money on promotion in order to get themselves known, whereas at the same time an established business will need to monitor its prices and if needed they will make changes. Market segmentation is the process of defining a large market into clear segments by having similar wants, needs and characteristics; it has an objective to design a marketing mix which matches the expectations of customers. Market segmentation can be done in different ways using a combination of methods which include; demographic segmentation, socio-economic segmentation, geographic segmentation and psychographic segmentation. Demographic segmentation is separating your consumers to advertise the groups separately according to gender for example developing holidays for women, age for example designing holidays to meet the needs of the 18 to 30 age group and people over 55, and ethnic grouping. Whereas socio-economic segmentation is based only on occupation which is then advertised by the media to target people in an area. Geographic segmentation is collecting information according to the location of the customer so they know where there products are being sold which increases advert ising, an example of this is people living in a particular postcode area could be sent a holiday brochure. Whereas psychographic segmentation categorises there consumers according to motivation, lifestyle and personality types and this can be done by introducing new activity holidays. Marketing communication methods is part of the marketing mix which extends to all the areas of the organisation; this means the same marketing message can be presented in all areas of marketing through branding to customers and target audience. Marketing communication mechanisms, such as print, radio, television advertising, publicity and online advertising help promote a companys products and services. Using different methods of marketing communication allows the company to reach the widest audience. An example of marketing communication is tour operators such as Thomas Cook who advertise their holidays on-line followed by pictures, prices and activities they include within a destination and they advertise on shop windows to attract more customers to book a holiday within them. Thomas Cook also appears as a pop up if a person is on another website like Facebook in order to sell themselves and make them known. P2/M1: There are a variety of factors which influence marketing in the travel and tourism industry, this includes the negative and positive factors which have influenced the marketing decisions. On the next few pages I am going to explain the effect of all the factors and include examples in my answers from travel and tourism companies. Company Ethos is a companys defined set of beliefs and values which can be articulated in a mission statement, these statements are then advertised on websites and in an office reception area. They are very important as it tells customers what to expect as a product and gives an idea to employees about what the company wants to accomplish. Social responsibility is an organizations management heading towards the interests of the society in which it operates. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is the commitment by a business in order to behave ethically and continue to contribute to economic development while improving the quality life of the workforce. Companies which meet their criteria can be listed which specifies to stakeholders that the company has suitable polices for CSR. A CSR strategy is all about managing the way a business deals with issues such as gender and supervising foreign workers, it helps ensure that a business has positive impact on people as well as the environ ment wherever it operates. The first example of company Ethos is the mission statement of the airline Easyjet which reads to provide our customers with safe and good value. To offer a consistent and reliable product and fares, appealing to leisure and business markets on a range of European routes. http://www.slideshare.net/esteewu/easyjet-presentation My second example is Thomas Cooks stock exchange overall price in December 2012 is  £48 and the change is 2.13%.http://www.lse.co.uk/shareprice.asp?shareprice=TCG My third example is British Airways objectives and strategies; they want to become the worlds leading global premium airline and to focus on customer service to help them create a sustainable future for their business. www.britishairways.com/cms/global/microsites/ba_reports0910/our_business/strategy2.html Consumer protection consists of laws and organizations which are designed to ensure the rights of consumers as well as truthful information in the marketplace. The laws are designed to prevent businesses who engage in fraud from gaining an advantage over competitors, they are a form of government regulation which aim to protect the rights of consumers. Consumer protection ensures that products purchased by consumers are safe to use, will meet all standards, that consumers have adequate  information  to make safe purchase and that marketers are prevented from using false methods to sell their products. An example of a consumer protection is the Data Protection Act 1998 which gave individuals a right of access to personal data, this is often collected when a person completes the purchase of a service or good from a company which consists of bank, contact details and any other important information. Personal data must be kept secure and up-to-date; this data can be held either on a computer or in paper files. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_protection_laws My first example is First Choice which is a tour operator who has regulations to protect the travelling public; they are protected by Air Travel Organisers Licence (ATOL). This will not allow customers to lose their money or become stranded. http://www.firstchoice.co.uk/about-us/who-we-are/ My second example is British Airways and its Data Protection Act; they treat all their information as confidential so therefore they protect every customers privacy. All personal information will not be passed onto third parties. http://www.bavirtual.co.uk/administration/privacy My third example is Thomas Cooks codes of practice to the Criminal Records Bureau; they treat all applicants fairly but however to assess applicants for positions of trust. http://www.thomascook.com/thomas-cook-careers/ Standards of practice are an alternative term for code of professional responsibility, an example of this is codes of practice; these are written guidelines issued by a professional association to its members in order to help them obey with its ethical standards. The British Code of Advertising is legal and honest, they value the principles, and they are prepared looking at responsibility within the society and the consumers and are also connected with the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) who receives responses about rules on advertising. The ASA work includes acting on complaints and checking the media to take action against harmful or offensive advertisements. Their mission is to; be more effective with business and consumers, be an effective part of the response to social issues which are affected by advertising and making a success of regulating online advertisements. ASA is an independent body who checks samples of advertisements and work to publish standards of service so therefore they are committed to; resolve complaints without any delays, to deliver a high quality service, to be open about their procedures and the decisions in which they make, meet all their customers needs and respect the advertising industry and members of the public. My first example is tour operators such as Virgin Holidays who are subject to legislation in order to ensure the health and safety of their customers on their holiday. My second example is Ryanairs display advertising which is one of the most effective media formats achieving 82% of messages among the different passengers and overhead locker advertising is visible throughout the flight. http://www.ryanair.com/en/advertise My third example is First Choice sales promotion on their voucher codes which gives a boost to customers especially as they can get discount on their next holiday and money off on summer and winter flights. http://www.vouchercodes.co.uk/firstchoice.co.uk Political, economic, social and technological are factors that influence businesses, this is described as PEST analysis because the factors involved are categorized into four. PEST analysis helps an organisation to take note of external factors which are affecting its business; they help with the SWOT analysis which identifies threats and opportunities. SWOT analysis evaluates internal factors such as strenghts and weaknesses and internal factors such as opportunities and threats which influences the marketing. Political factors are related to government policy and administrative practices that can have an effect on something, these factors must be taken into account when considering a political change. These changes could involve employment laws which companies must therefore have respect for. Political  factors are how a  government  interferes in the economy, it include areas such as  tax policy,  labour law,  environmental law,  trade restrictions,  tariffs, and political stability. Political factors may also include goods and services which the government wants to provide and those that the government does not want to provide; www.puremoneymaking.et/pages/strategy_building/mission-vision/elements-of-pest.aspx therefore the governments have great influence on the  health,  education, and infrastructure  of a nation. International relations are an example of a political factor which is the relationship between countries, including the roles of states, organisations and corporations. It is the branch of political science that is concerned with the foreign affairs of and relations among nations, peoples and states. My first example is all tour operators have to be very careful of political incidents especially in all the different destinations they sell to their customers. My second example is the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) who gives up-to-date information on all safety techniques in the countries located all over the world. My third example is tour operators who can get all their passengers back home if something happens abroad such as an incident and so therefore they make sure that they will be safe out there with given advice. Economic factors are the resources that can influence a person on their everyday life and is the distribution of services and materials. Economic factors include economic growth,  interest rates,  exchange rates  and the  inflation rate; these factors have major impacts on how businesses operate and how they make decisions. www.puremoneymaking.et/pages/strategy_building/mission-vision/elements-of-pest.aspx An example of an economic factor is interest rates, it is the amount charged as a percentage by a lender to a borrower for the use of assets which can include cash and consumer goods. Interest rates  are typically  noted on an annual basis, known as the  annual percentage rate  (APR). Interest rates is charged or paid for the use of money, it is calculated by dividing the amount of interest by the amount of principal however the rates can change according to the result of inflation. Central banks generally tend to reduce interest rates when they wish to increase inv estment in the countrys economy; they are taken into account especially when dealing with variables like inflation, investment and unemployment. My first example is passengers travelling on different airlines have to pay air passenger duty only if their aircraft carries chargeable passengers. http://www.nibusinessinfo.co.uk/content/when-you-must-pay-air-passenger-duty My second example is interest rates in the Bank of England which holds interest rates at 0.5%; the reason they set interest rates is to keep the inflation as low as possible to preserve the value of money. http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/Pages/home.aspx My third example is exchange rates which affect a tour operators pricing strategy, this is because it can increase or lower the price of a product in store or abroad and prices of products from competitors can change. http://www.tutor2u.net/business/gcse/external_environment_economic_exchange_rates.htm Social factors are the facts that influence individuals personality, lifestyle and attitudes which include; the cultural aspects, health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes and emphasis on safety. Trends in social factors affect the demand for a companys products and how that company operates. www.puremoneymaking.et/pages/strategy_building/mission-vision/elements-of-pest.aspx An example of a social factor is ageing population, this occurs when the median age of a country or region increases due to a rise in life expectancy and declining birth rates. Population aging is a shift in the distribution of a countrys population towards older ages, this is usually reflected in an increase in the populations mean and  median ages, a decline in the proportion of the population composed of children, and a rise in the proportion of the population that is elderly. Population ageing is widespread across the world and is most  advanced  in the most highly developed countries. http://coolgeography.co.uk/A-Level/AQA/Year%2012/Population/Population%20change/managing%20pop%20change%20new.htm My first example is ageing population in Japan; the elderly population which includes people over the age of 65 years hit a record of 22million. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1083097.stm My second example is the media which has a social influence on different cultures especially in America where media such as TV, magazines, movies and news media reflects and creates the culture. http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/The-Role-and-Influence-of-Mass-Media.topicArticleId-26957,articleId-26946.html My second example is holiday bookings to Madame Tussauds where you have the chance to see celebrity wax figures, the way these celebrities are made are amazing as they look real when you see them face to face. http://www.madametussauds.com/ Technological factors are influences which have an impact on how an organisation operates that are related to the equipment which is used within the organizations environment. The factors include technological aspects such as  RD  activity,  automation, technology incentives and the rate of  technological change. They can determine barriers to entry, minimum production level and influence  outsourcing  decisions and these technological shifts can affect costs, quality, and also lead to  innovation. www.puremoneymaking.et/pages/strategy_building/mission-vision/elements-of-pest.aspx An example of a technological factor is the internet which has changed the way customers book their holidays, on-line booking systems are used a great number of times by people for booking holidays as well as hotel accommodation and transport. Travel agents and tour operators are making use of new technologies now and again in order to market their services and products; this allows different companies to market via the internet. Technology has also changed the way that firms market their products, prices, places and promotions. My first example is the internet where now every customer prefers online booking for their holiday, this has affected travel agencies as they receive fewer customers to help book a holiday. My second example is Heathrow Airport and its self check-in scheme where the customer uses a computer to choose their seat and print out their boarding card and then take their baggage to the bag-drop facility. http://www.heathrowairport.com/heathrow-airport-guide/checking-in#selfservice My third example is new technology being brought out which is a good thing as it is benefitting each and every customer to carry out advertising via other companies as well as their websites. Environmental factors are a restricted element in the physical, cultural, demographic, economic, political, regulatory and technological environment which affects the survival, operations and growth of an organization. www.slideshare.net/Karvee/environmental-factors-business Environmental factors include ecological and environmental aspects such as weather and climate which may affect industries such as tourism, farming and insurance. Therefore growing awareness of the impacts of climate change is affecting how companies operate and the products which they offer. www.puremoneymaking.et/pages/strategy_building/mission-vision/elements-of-pest.aspxAn example of environmental factors is global warming which is an average increase in the temperature of the atmosphere near the Earths surface contributing to changes in global climate patterns. Global warming is often referred to the warming which can occur as a result of increased emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities. Another example of an environmental factor is natural disasters, this includes; earthquakes, avalanches, hurricanes, floods, mudslides, tornadoes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions. My first example is global warming which is a rise in temperature of the earths atmosphere and it can be good but if the thermal blanket gets thicker too much heat is kept therefore it is bad. http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/find_out/guides/world/global_warming/newsid_1575000/1575457.stm My second example is natural disasters which includes; floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, tornadoes and tsunamis and most of the times they are unexpected and overwhelming. http://www.apa.org/topics/disasters/index.aspx My third example is Boris bikes which are bicycles named after Boris Johnson who is the mayor of London and the prices are as follows; 24 hours costs  £2, 7 days will cost  £10 and annual costs  £90. If the bike is damaged the charge will be up to  £300, late return charge will be  £150 and non return ch arge is  £300. http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/cycling/14811.aspx All the factors which are mentioned above influences decisions on marketing which means companies may have to come to a conclusion to change their old products, change their prices, advertise new campaigns and make changes to marketing communications. Price and  competition  represent two of the strongest influences on marketing strategy which are classed as internal and external influences. For example, small businesses require direct short-term profits; therefore the marketing strategy introduces a high-performing product to a niche segment of the market before competitors. The business then generates as much profit as possible until competitors introduce a cheaper product and then it moves to launch a new product in a new market. http://smallbusiness.chron.com/influences-marketing-strategy-43431.html

Chinas Relationship with North Korea

Chinas Relationship with North Korea Table of Contents: Introduction Hypothesis statement Research Questions Literature Review Theoretical framework (Defensive Realism-Kenneth Waltz) Sino-Korean alliance Mutual gain between China and North Korea Beijing’s influence Conclusion Introduction: North Korea is the state that is being considered as the most isolated state in the world. China is the only state that is supporting North Korea since Korean War. At the period of Korean War USSR and China backed North Korea. South Korea and North Korea are on the same peninsula whereas; North Korea shares its borders with China, Russia, Japan and Mongolia but does not have good relations with any state except China. Trade impediments have been put on North Korea but China supported them throughout and acknowledged as the biggest trade partner of North Korea. During the Korean War, Soviet Union provided military assistance to North Korea but circumstances are quite different now. As we are living in unipolar world and US is the super power, China is threat to US because of its emerging economic and military power. US supported South Korea in Korean War and they still have ample relations with each other. The reason of fragmentation of Korea is shift in ideology, North Korea was a Co mmunist state and that is again a threat to US because US didn’t want several states that follow Communism. On the other hand China was and still is a Communist state and a cause of having a soft corner for North Korea. South Korea is the Democratic state and has been backed by US. [1] China is aiding Pyongyang in terms of both soft power and hard power but does not want them to have their own military weapon. Proliferation of Nuclear weapon may lead towards unhealthy relations between China and North Korea and off course US silently supporting this particular act of China against North Korea. From 2006-2013 Pyongyang’s tried Nuclear Tests for the three times but it turned relations in tensed situation and settled afterwards when North Korea agreed on denuclearization at Six Table Talks. For now North Korea does not afford disturbed relations with China because it’s the only state that is providing economic and military trade to them. When Korea split North Korea had better economy and GDP than South Korea but now South Korea is more developed and flourished because of Democracy and support of US whereas North Korea being the follower of Communism and have Dictatorship has poor economy plus have non friendly relations with its neighbors. [2] Hypothesis: North Koreas alliance is important to Beijing as an important tool of balancing power in the region with the US its allies, especially South Korea rising Japan. Research Questions: The purpose of the study is to find out the answers of these questions: Why North Korea is important for China in the regional context of Asia Pacific? Will Sino-Korean alliance be able to balance power with the United States its allies in the region? What is the Western Perception of Sino-Korean alliance? Literature review: As China and North Korea’s relationship is one of the ongoing debates for the world since Korean War so scholars like to write about it and by giving different analysis on the particular issue makes the topic more interesting. The Congressional Report has been published on December 2010 by Dick. K. Nanto and Mark. E. Manyin. The main crux of the report was that US being the opponent of China still highlighted the mutual interests of China’s foreign policy towards North Korea. The reason behind that is China wants to see North Korea as a stabilized state in terms of strong economy but does not want North Korea to become a Nuclear power and this is the point where US is with China. The Book â€Å"North Korea and North East Asia† edited by Samuel. S Kim and Tai Hwan Lee talks about Beijing’s continuous support to Pyongyang is its own interest because if it will stop the economic assistance to North Korea, then the complete dependence on China would affect the economy of China as well. Weak economy of North Korea means less job opportunities and facilities of life. As North Koreans are not in good terms with their neighbors except China they will start moving towards it, this fear is making China to provide soft power to North Korea so they stay in their own state and not become the refuges of China. There is a report from Washington named as China’s North Korean Policy by Gates Bill published in 2011 and another report â€Å"Balancing Chinese interests on North Korea and Iran† by Lora Saalman (April 21013). In this report author has discussed that US, South Korea and Japan are allies but somehow they are agreeing on China’s foreign policy towards North Korea as it discussed about: To stable the regime and political system of North Korea Development of their economy A book called â€Å"China and North Korea† by Andrew Scobell has discussed what terror PRC and DPRK faced after 9/11. In China’s point of view after Iraq it was North Korea’s turn to be attacked by US so in that case it was imperative for both states to come together on one table and maintain their National Security, the article China’s North Korean Pivot published in 2013 by Yoon Young-Kwan added that China’s perception was that Pyongyang’s would agree on the issue of denuclearization when Prime Minister Wen Jibao visited North Korea in October 2009 and made sure the continuity of economic services. Theory: Defensive Realism-Kenneth Waltz In this study, I have applied the defensive realism school of thought. Defensive realist basically believes that power is the most important element in the international relations. Also, defensive realists argue that states are genuinely obsessed with security because they feel insecure and thus always seek to maximize its security capabilities. This is how China is developing and maintaining its relations with other states including North Korea in the region. China is insecure and doesn’t trust US and its allies, and with the growing US presence in the Asia Pacific region in return has increased China’s concerns, thus China is seeking to find a way to balance the power by supporting US rival North Korea. Sino-Korean alliance As it is observed that China is of the strongest allied state of North-Korea, few things are being come under consideration in last few years. Some tensions have been occurred between China and North Korea relationship due to continuous nuclear development by North Korea, China and US are on the same platform to stop North Korea to become a Nuclear power. It is thought that US partnership towards North East Asia is a gateway to bring stability in Korea peninsula. Since Obama’s pivot to Asia the previous policy (regional partnership) has been confronted, and the changing policy of US is creating suspicion among Chinese Government. North Korea’s approach is aggressive towards China and US, now North Korea is applying realistic approach as according to North Korea US is the only actor with maximum nuclear power and Pyongyang is trying to balance the power by developing their own Nuclear weapons. U.S-China policies are divergent in key areas such as anti-terror and anti WMD institutes, democracy and human rights. The U.S alliance system and the U.N system contribute on stable patterns of power balancing in Asia-Pacific. I conclude that Sino-U.S policies on the regional order result in patterns of power balancing not undermined by co-existence and order that may be called â€Å"Stable Instability†, because it is likely to remain in place as the regional order of the Asia-Pacific for the foreseeable future. Western perception of Sino-Korean alliance Since China is the biggest trade partner of North Korea but its policy towards denuclearization of North Korea is very clear and supports US on this particular issue. Though US consider China as a threat but also realize that China is only providing soft power to North Korea and has a very firm stance on the issue of denuclearization of North Korea. At the start of the Obama’s administration first term in 2009, there were many expectations that the United States must pursue direct talks with North Korea in order to break a two decade long standoff over its nuclear program. President Obama promised in his inaugural address that he would offer an outstretched hand to those who will unclench their fists. Making a public offer to dictatorial states of willingness to abandon adversarial relations.[3] However North Korea responded to this offer with a multi-stage rocket launch and a nuclear test in April and May 2009.These actions meant that president Obama’s first North Korea related policy decisions would be defined by the need to uphold the international non-proliferation regime against North Korea’s challenge and would involve winning international support for sanctions against North Korea at United Nations security council. The resulting UNSC resolution 1874 condemned North Korea’s nuclear and multi stage rocket tests and subjected suspected North Korea related shipments to international inspections. [4] By the time Obama’s administration had the political space to pursue direct dialogue with North Korea; it had decided on an approach that secretory of United State Clinton described as strategic pastime in close consultants with our six party allies. The emphasis alliances coordination has been the first principle of any Obama administration discussion policy towards North Korea and it was greatly aided by the fact that Obama and Lee Myung-bak (former ruler of South Asia) administrations largely saw eye to eye on the priority and importance of North Korea’s denuclearization.[5] The policy of â€Å"strategic patience†, a policy that suggested that the U.S could offend to wait for North Korea to make its decision to denuclearize, aligned well with political reality in light of North Korea’s alleged sinky of a Korean warship and shelling of South Korea’s Yeonpyeons Island in March and November 2010. The Obama administration held three rounds of direct talks with North Korean counterparts from July 2011 to February 2012. The U.S intended these statements to bind North Korea from provocative actions such as nuclear and missile tests and to secure Pyongyang’s commitment to return to the path of denuclearization, but they were upended less than three weeks after they were announced by North Korea’s March 16, 2012 announcement of its failed 12 April 2012 satellite launch. Thus, the Obama’s first term policy toward North Korea involved a mix of elements, including a strong commitment to coordination among some South Korean and Japanese allies, continued adherence to the objective of North Korea’s denuclearization. The Obama administration also involved a â€Å"rebalancing† policy towards Asia, popularly known as pivot to Asia. This policy strengthens U.S political, economic and military participation in and commitment to Asia, both through a host of bilateral dialogues with China that cover a wide range of economic and strategic issues and through a variety of hedging me asures designed to shape China’s rise, limit the affects of assertive Chinese policies and assure that China’s rise will not result in regional instability. This debate provides a backdrop to consider prospects for Sino-U.S cooperation on policy toward North Korea and highlights Chinese wariness and strategic mistrust of U.S policy intentions.[6] Mutual Gain North Korea is economically dependent on China. China is its major food source and the North Korea’s dependency on china is increasing day by day as its export is less than its import. It is not only North Korea that is benefitting from China but it’s a game of mutual gain North Korea is providing buffer zone between China and South Korea. More and more Chinese companies are investing in North Korea and gaining favorable interests. Importance of North Korea in Asia Pacific (China): Conclusion: China doesn’t believe in making alliances or allies. China only seeks mutual interests and cooperation amongst states. Also, China perceives a threat from US and its Allies and so in order to balance out, China has been supporting North Korea since the Korean War in early 1950s. Moreover, there has been a mutual gain relation between North Korea and China. North Korea’s economy is entirely dependent on China as China provided it with aid and energy supplies. Also, China is protecting and calming down its border against the Korean immigrants in China. However, China is surrounded by many challengers and so China sees North Korea as a buffer state against South Korea where 1000’s of US military troops are settled. Also, there has been a great number of investments and infra-structure building in North Korea by Chinese firms and companies. And in return China is extracting mineral resources from North Korea’s region. This way China is protecting and serving its own national interests while also helping out the North Korean interests and raising many of its people out of poverty. Bibliography A.Snyder, Scott. U.S. Policy Toward North Korea. Council on Foreign Affairs, January 2013. Armenian, Red. Soviet-Empire.com. 26 January, 2011. http://www.soviet-empire.com/ussr/viewtopic.php?t=49753start=100 (accessed April 15, 2914). Dingli, Shen. Scribd. 2006. http://www.scribd.com/doc/85548815/Coping-With-a-Nuclear-North-Korea-and-North-Koreas-Strategic-Significance-to-China (accessed April 8, 2014). G.Sutter, Robert. Scribed. 2012. http://www.scribd.com/doc/101616305/Chinese-Foreign-Relations-Power-and-Policy-since-the-Cold-War (accessed April 16, 2014). Henderson, Barney. Sreaves32. March 29, 2013. https://sreaves32.wordpress.com/category/asiapacific/south-korea/page/6/ (accessed April 6, 2014). Meredith, Charlotte. Sreaves32. April 9, 2013. http://sreaves32.wordpress.com/2013/04/09/north-korea-to-launch-missile-april-10-2013-after-warning-foreigners-to-evacuate-south/ (accessed April 5, 2014). Newsreview.com. March 15, 2014. http://www.newsreview.com/reno/newsview/blogs?date=2013-09-01?utm_source=luvcelebs.com (accessed April 10, 2014). NORTH KOREA SAYS IT WILL LAUNCH A NUCLEAR ATTACK ON THE UNITED STATES. March 11, 2013. http://sreaves32.wordpress.com/2013/03/11/north-korea-says-it-will-launch-a-nuclear-attack-on-the-united-states/ (accessed April 9, 2014). Odgard, Liselotte. The Balance of Power in Asia-Pacific Security. Routledge, January 2007. shree Bajoria, Beina Xu. Council on Foreign Relations. Febuary 18, 2014. http://www.cfr.org/china/china-north-korea-relationship/p11097 (accessed April 10, 2014). Xu, Jayshree Bajoria and Beina. Indias Strategic Studies. Febuary 21, 2013. http://strategicstudyindia.blogspot.com/2013/02/the-china-north-korea-relationship_26.html (accessed April 16, 2014). [1] Dingli, Shen. Scribd. 2006. http://www.scribd.com/doc/85548815/Coping-With-a-Nuclear-North-Korea-and-North-Koreas-Strategic-Significance-to-China (accessed April 8, 2014). [2] Armenian, Red. Soviet-Empire.com. 26 January, 2011. http://www.soviet-empire.com/ussr/viewtopic.php?t=49753start=100 (accessed April 15, 2914). [3] A.Snyder, Scott. U.S. Policy Toward North Korea. Council on Foreign Affairs, January 2013. [4] Henderson, Barney. Sreaves32. March 29, 2013. https://sreaves32.wordpress.com/category/asiapacific/south-korea/page/6/ (accessed April 6, 2014). [5] Newsreview.com. March 15, 2014. http://www.newsreview.com/reno/newsview/blogs?date=2013-09-01?utm_source=luvcelebs.com (accessed April 10, 2014). [6] A.Snyder, Scott. U.S. Policy Toward North Korea. Council on Foreign Affairs, January 2013.

Mount Rushmore Essay -- Presidents History Papers

Mount Rushmore In the Black Hills of South Dakota, there is a monument that is dedicated to four of the most influential figures in American history. George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt are names that still to this day trigger thoughts of greatness and awe-inspiring men. All four of these men were presidents of the United States. They each had a signature style or brought a particular ideal the American forefront. George Washington was known as the "father of our country." Thomas Jefferson co-authored the Declaration of Independence. Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address and the Emancipation Proclamation. Theodore Roosevelt fought for the little man, was known for his brashness, and formed the Rough Riders, a cavalry unit during the Spanish-American War. These men were not only presidents, but more importantly they helped to shape this country and a mountain. This mountain was known as Mount Rushmore and it was located in South Dakota. Just as the se men made America what it is today, so is the story as to how a mountain was carved to tell a story about a nation and its independence. This then is more than just a story about the making of a mountain or the history of the Black Hills, but instead the making of a shrine of democracy. The Mount Rushmore National Memorial is one of the most outstanding phenomena of American History. It is typically American: a massive sculptural project corresponding to the other manifestations of bigness in twentieth-century style. Sculptor Gutzon Borglum believed that art in America was not thoroughly American. It was not sufficiently large or meaningful enough to represent or typify the dreams, ambitions, and accomplishments of this yo... ...icon (13). Works Cited: 1. Fite, Gilbert C. Mount Rushmore, 1952. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma. pg. 9. 2. Fite, pg. 11 3. Borglum, Lincoln. Mount Rushmore: The Story behind the Scenery, 1999. Econo-Clad Books, Topeka, Kansas. pg. 6 4. Carter, Robin Borglum. Gutzon Borglum: His Life and His, 1998. Eakin Press, Austin, Texas. pg. 51. 5. Carter, pgs. 54-57. 6. Fite, pgs. 64-65. 7. Borglum, pg. 21. 8. Fite, pgs. 79-80. 9. Milton, John. South Dakota: A Bicentennial History, 1977. W. W. Norton and Company, Inc, New York, New York, pgs. 139-140. 10. Milton, pgs. 23-24. 11. Milton, pg. 143. 12. Fite, pg. 236. 13. Meredith Corporation. "The Making of Mount Rushmore", American Park Network: Mount Rushmore History: The Making of Mount Rushmore; http://www.americanparknetwork.com/parkinfo/ru/history/carve.html (10 October 2000).

Andrew Jackson :: essays research papers

Andrew Jackson became the nation’s seventh president in 1829. He made significant changes in American politics at that time. He was very popular with the people because of the fact that he was a hero of the War of 1812. He had also served in the senate and was a tough man who had manifested the spirit of the frontier. One change Jackson brought about was the steadily increasing power of the west. He happened to be the first president to come from the west of the Appalachians. Jackson was also the start of a new era of democracy in American politics. He didn’t belong to a party but rather had much popular support.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jackson supporters were poor and relatively new voters. Unlike other races (besides that of 1824) all white men were allowed to vote rather than just white male property owners. The election of Jackson in 1828 tripled the votes cast from 356,000 in 1824 to 1.1 million in 1828. Most of those new voters gave their votes to the man of the people, Jackson. The power of the voters was evident. Jackson had won 178 electoral votes to Adam’s 83. The election also stirred another change; the revival of the two-party system. This race gave voters a choice between two candidates with sharply differing views. An opposition party had arisen and with it came many conflicts but the new party would also strengthen the democratic process by stirring debates on key issues and giving two different views on matters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many newly elected officials elected to office used a practice called patronage. Jackson made the practice official by dismissing more than 200 presidential employees and about 2,000 other officeholders. They were replaced with 2,000 Jacksonian Democrats. The term spoils system was soon derived for the patronage system under Jackson. The spoils or pillage (jobs of previous appointees and officeholders) were taken from a defeated enemy. Jackson stated, in defense of the spoils system that any intelligent man could hold a public office. His support for the system made him popular with the common man.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jackson did not approve of a overpowering or controlling federal government. He felt the national government should be the least involved as possible. He vetoed many acts of congress in his term as president, one being a road from Maysville, Kentucky to Lexington, Kentucky. He felt the state should build the road and not the national government.

Reinforcement and Employees Essay

Q3. What tools does Walmart use to motivate employees? How might a lack of motivation affect associates and how should managers respond? Give me a W! Give me an A! Give me an L! Give me a squiggly! Give me an M! Give an A! Give me an R! Give me a T! What’s that spell? Walmart! Whose Walmart is it? It’s my Walmart ! Who’s number one? The customer! Always! The good times continue at Walmart, and so do hard work and achievement. For many employees, seeing peers rewarded for a job well done proves highly motivational. Executives at Walmart refer to the company as one big family. There are no grunts or gophers –no employee, no matter how new, is thought of as low person on the totem. According to the company’s â€Å"open door† policy, all associates are encouraged to speak freely, share concerns, and express ideas for improving daily operations. In return, they can expect managers to treat all discussions fairly with an open mind. The policy is ri ght out of Walton’s playbook. â€Å"Listen to your associates,† Walton urged. â€Å"They’re the best idea generators.† The founder’s wisdom is routinely reaffirmed through the oft-repeated quote that â€Å"nothing constructive happens in Bentonville† – a reference to Walton headquarters. In Walton’s grass – roots ethic, local employees are the ones most likely to produce fresh ideas. One significant way managers can meet higher motivational needs is to shift power down from the top of organization and share it with employees to enable them to achieve goals. Empowerment is power sharing, the delegation of power or authority to subordinates in an organization. Increasing employee motivation for task accomplishment because people improve their own effectiveness, choosing how to do a task and using their creativity. Empowerment is one way managers promote self- reinforcement and self- efficacy, as defined in the discussion of social learning. Empowering employees involves giving them four elements that enable them to act more freely accomplish their jobs: information knowledge, power, and rewards. First of all, employees receive information about company performance. In companies where employees are fully empowered, all employees have access to all financial and operational information. Secondly, employees have knowledge and skills to contribute to company goals. Companies use training programs and other development tools to help people acquire the knowledge and skills they need to contribute to organizational performance. The third motivation is employees have the power to make substantive decision. Empowered employees have the authority to directly influence work procedures and organizational performance, such as through quality circles or self- directed work teams. And last but not least, employees are rewarded based on company performance. Organizations that empower workers often reward them based on the results shown in the company’s bottom line. Organizations may also use other motivational compensation programs described in Exhibit 16.8 to tie employee efforts to company performance. Exhibit 16.8 Many of today’s organizations are implementing empowerment programs, but they are empowering workers to varying degrees. At some companies, empowerment means encouraging workers’ idea while managers retain final authority for decisions; at others it means giving employees almost complete freedom and power to make decisions and exercise initiative and imagination. Current methods of empowerment fall along a continuum, as illustrated in exhibit 16.9 . The continuum runs from situation in which front- line workers have almost no discretion, such as on a traditional assembly line, to full empowerment, where workers even participate in formulating organizational strategy. Exhibit 16.9 Perhaps the most important things managers can do to enhance organizational communication and dialogue can encourage people to communicate honestly with one another. Subordinates will feel free to transmit negative as well as positive message to managers without fear of retribution. Efforts to develop interpersonal skills among employees can also foster openness, honesty, and trust. Second, managers should develop and use formal communication channels in all direction. Scandinavian Designs uses two newsletters to reach employees. Dana Holding Corporation developed the â€Å"Here a Thought† board- called a HAT rack- to get ideas and feedback from workers. Other techniques include direct mail, bulletin boards, blogs, and employee surveys. Third, managers should encourage the use of multiple channels including both formal and informal communications. Multiple communication channels include written directives, face- to- face discussions, and the grapevine. For example, managers at GM’s Packard Electric plant use multimedia, including a monthly newspaper, frequent meeting of employees’ teams and an electronic news display in the cafeteria. Sending messages through multiple channels increases the likelihood that they will be properly received. Fourth, the structure should fit communication needs. An organization can be designed to use teams, task forces, project managers, or matrix structure as needed to facilitate the horizontal flow of information for coordination and problem solving. Structure should also reflect information need. When team or department task are difficult, a decentralized structure should be implemented to encourage discussion and participation. Empowerment is the process of distributing decision-making power throughout an organization. It is a process which enables employees to set personal work goals, make minor decisions and to solve conflicts by using their personal authority. Team Bonuses, in situations in which employees should cooperate with each other and isolating employee performance is more difficult, companies are increasingly resorting to tying employee pay to team performance. For example, in 2007, Wal-Mart gave bonuses to around 80% of their associates based on store performance. If empl oyees have a reasonable ability to influence their team’s performance level, these programs may be effective. One way Wal-Mart facilitates respect for an individual is through an open-door policy that allows employees of all levels to communicate with managers in higher levels of the company. This open-door policy is also a way of keeping unions from forming in the company. The philosophy is that when employees have avenues for expressing their complaints and problems, there will be no reason to have union representatives (Cray, 2000; Slater, 2003). However, people may question how effective this policy is, because employees still attempt to form unions. Walton also believed in the importance of having a clear flow of communication with his workers, claiming that the more information they received the harder they would work for him. â€Å"The more they know, the more they’ll understand,† he said. â€Å"The more they understand, the more they’ll care. Once they care, there’s no stopping them.† To Walton, the free flow of information between him and his worke rs demonstrated the trust and respect he had for them. Without that trust, Walton felt he could not succeed. â€Å"Information is power, and the gain you get from empowering your associates more than offsets the risk of informing your competitor,† he said. For Walton, the bottom line was to appreciate his workers and to make them feel valued. He knew that a paycheck and stock options alone would not guarantee loyalty or hard work. Instead, he realized the importance of making sure his workers knew they were appreciated. â€Å"Nothing else can quite substitute for a few well-chosen, well-timed, sincere words of praise,† he said. â€Å"They’re absolutely free – and worth a fortune.† By having motivated and loyal employees, Walton could then use them as his secret weapon. â€Å"The folks on the front lines – the ones who actually talk to the customer – are the only ones who really know what’s going on out there,† he said. By listening to his workers and their ideas, Walton could stay on top of his game; â€Å"This really is what total quality is about.† Listen to everyone in your practice/team. Obviously your team is a lot smaller than Wal-Mart, but Sam’s tactic of figu ring out ways to get â€Å"front line† people talking holds true for advisors. You can gain a lot of insight into your clients, and it will help strengthen relationships with support personnel. And yes, listen to your clients too. continuous communication is the most important thing to remember. Change usually causes fear about different things. Communication must be very open, honest and encouraging. It also has to cover all the parties involved in the change. Happy employees mean happy customers. Walton admitted that initially he was so stingy and did not give good pay to his employees. But eventually he realized that he should give a larger payment to his employees because they are considered as â€Å"business partners†. According to Walton, who treated the way management is the same business partner in a way that applied to the consumer. If the business partner treats their customers well then the consumer will come again and again therein lies the advantage and business success. Walton also often visited his shop and asked for their opinions, especially employees who are on the front lines, those who actually faced and talking with customers, as people who know the real situation on the ground. Management’s number one goal with their employees is to make working at Wal-Mart fun and rewarding. They even have their own cheer to boost associates morale and organizational spirit (Wal-Mart, 2008). â€Å"Who’s Wal-Mart? It is my Wal-Mart† (Wal-Mart, 2008). This is the type of leadership styles that all organizations need to use. This style makes employees want to come to work everyday and they feel secure knowing that they are working for a great organization. Wal-Mart is like one big family and like to make their associates feel like they are an important part of keeping the doors open for everyone. If Walmart this organization are lack of motivation it’ll affects associates also called employees. Lack of motivation equates to less work being accomplished. Productivity does not disappear; it is usually transferred to aspects not related to the organization’s work. Things like personal conversations, Internet surfing or taking longer lunches cost the organization time and money. Reduced productivity can be detrimental to an organization’s performance and future success. Low employee motivation could be due to decreased success of the organization, negative effects from the economy or drastic changes or uncertainty within the organization. No matter what the cause, having the reputation of having an unpleasant work environment due to low employee motivation will ultimately impact how existing and potential clients or partners view working with an organization. A reputation can precede an organization and dictate its future in the industry. The reinforcement approach employee motivation sidesteps the issue of employee needs and thinking processes described in the content and process theories. Reinforcement theory simply looks at the relationship between behavior and its consequences. It focuses on changing or modifying employees’ on –the-job behavior through the appropriate use of immediate rewards and punishments. Behavior modification is the name given to the set of techniques by which reinforcement theory is used to modify human behavior. The basic assumption underlying behavior modification is the law of effect, which states that behavior that is positively reinforced tends to be repeated, and behavior that is not reinforced tends not to be repeated. Reinforcement is defined as anything that causes a certain behavior to be repeated or inhibited. The four reinforcement tools are positive reinforcement, avoidance learning, punishment, and extinction, as summarized in exhibit16.6 Positive reinforcement is the administration of a pleasant and rewarding consequence following a desired behavior, such as praise for an employee who arrives on time or does a little extra work. Research shows that positive reinforcement does help to improve performance. Moreover, nonfinancial reinforcement such as positive feedback, social recognition, and attention are just as effective as financial incentives. One study of employees at fast- food drive- thru windows, for example, found that performance feedback and supervisor recognition had a significant effect on increasing the incidence of â€Å"up- selling† or asking customers to increase their order. Montage Hotels &resorts, known for its culture of gracious yet humble service, uses a variety of employee recognition programs to positively reinforce employees for providing exceptional service. CEO Alan J. Fuerstman says â€Å"it’s simple psychology. People commit more acts of kindness when they are appreciated f or them.† Avoidance learning is the removal of an unpleasant consequence once a behavior is improved, theory encouraging and strengthening the desired behavior. Avoidance learning is sometimes called negative reinforcement. The idea is that people will change a specific behavior to avoid the undesired result that behavior provokes. As a simple example, a supervisor who constantly reminds or nags an employee who is goofing off on the factory floor and stops the nagging when the employee stops goofing off is applying avoidance learning. Punishment is the imposition of unpleasant outcomes on an employee. Punishment typically occurs following undesirable behavior. For example, a supervisor may berate an employee for performing a task incorrectly. The supervisor expects that the negative outcome will serve as a punishment and reduce the likelihood of the behavior recurring. The use of punishment in organization is controversial and often criticized because it fails to indicate the correct behavior. However, almost all managers report that they find it necessary to occasionally impose forms of punishment ranging from verbal reprimands to employee suspensions or firings. Extinction is the withholding of a positive reward. Whereas with punishment, the supervisor imposes an unpleasant outcome such as a reprimand, extinction involves withholding praise or other positive outcomes. With extinction, undesirable behavior is essentially ignored. The idea is that behavior that is not positively reinforced will gradually disappear A New York Times reporter wrote a humorous article about how she learned to stop nagging and instead use reinforcement theory to shape her husband’s behavior after studying how professionals train animals. When her husband did something she liked such as throw a dirty shirt in the hamper, she would use positive reinforcement, thanking him or giving him a hug and a kiss. Undesirable behaviors, such as throwing dirty clothes on the floor, on the other hand, were simply ignored, applying the principle of extinction. Reward and punishment motivational practices based on the reinforcement theory dominate organizations. According to the Society for Human Resource Management, 84 percent of all companies in the United States offer some type of monetary or non- monetary reward system, and 69 percent offer incentive pay, such as bonuses, bases on an employee’s performance. However, in other studies, more than 80 percent of employers with incentive programs have reported that their programs are only somewhat successful or working at all. Despite the testimonies of organizations that enjoy successful incentive programs, criticism of these â€Å"carrot- and- stick† methods is growing, as discussed in the Manager’s Shoptalk. If rewards and motivation are failed to fulfill the employees the manager of Walmart should apply some positive reinforcement in order to safe the situation. Positive reinforcement is the practice of rewarding desirable employee behavior in order to strengthen that behavior. For example, when you praise an employee for doing a good job, you increase the likelihood of him/her doing that job very well again. Positive reinforcement both shapes behavior and enhances an employee’s self-image. Recognizing and rewarding desirable employee behavior is the essential key to motivating employees to work more productively. This method will reap many benefits, first it clearly defines and communicates expected behaviors and strengthens the connection between high performance and rewards. It reinforces an employee’s behavior immediately after learning a new technique and promotes quick, thorough learning. It motivates effective workers to continue to do good work. Lack of reinforcement leads to job dissatisfaction. It increases productivity by rewarding workers who conserve time and materials. Employees who are rewarded after they successfully perform feel self-confident and become eager to learn new techniques, take advanced training, and accept more re sponsibility. Rewarding employees who suggest improved work procedures will produce more innovation – if you create a relaxed work environment, reward new ideas and tolerate innovative failures. Employees who receive recognition for their achievements are more enthusiastic about their work, more cooperative, and more open to change. Besides that, when you show appreciation and reward employees for good work, you’ll be able to increase their job commitment and organizational loyalty. In conclusion, giving positive reinforcement does not mean that what is done incorrectly by an employee is to be ignored. Instead, it means to recognize what portion of the work was done correctly first, then follow-up with what can be done better the next time and why the performance or work result was not quite what was expected. If this means the manager must take some of the blame for not giving detailed instructions for the desired behavior or result, they should do so in an apologetic manner and then proceed to explain how the manager personally will try to do better. This is an excellent time for the manager to let the employee know they still have faith in them but need their help and cooperation by their asking questions if the manager’s instructions are not clear. This allows both the employee and manager to get better at communication, which results in improved task completion. Remember mangers need to give positive results first, then follow-up with what improvements are needed, apologize if necessary, and then reinforce what was done right again. When working the improvement or follow-up statement do not use the word â€Å"but† as this word often negates anything said before it and the employee may stop listening as they know a negative is coming next.