Dragon in China A Symbol of Empowerment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Monster in China A Symbol of Empowerment - Essay Example By experiencing the portrayal of ‘Ladle with monster handle’ on the site of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, it has been seen that the sort of antiquated thing gave by the exhibition hall at their site, shows the imaginative and philosophical foundation of old Chinese culture. The spoon has been utilized in the third century for kitchen errands and whisky pouring. The chronicled object in the gallery scoop can be situated with a dragon’s head, which is especially at its handle. A guest to the gallery can see that the mythical beast has pointed ears and swelling eyes as the most noticeable highlights. Furthermore, its two long horns and weakened nose are likewise those components that serve in drawing the consideration of the crowd. According to the crystal gazers, the spoons were uncovered from the place that is known for Kingdom of Wu. This indicates spoons were critical for the Kingdom (The Metropolitan Museum of Art). Thinking about the recorded presence of mythical serpent in Chinese culture, it is apparent that the spoon with winged serpent heads are insignificant image of solidarity and force for the realm. On the off chance that the historical backdrop of Yangzi waterway valley is evaluated, mythical beasts are constantly discovered serving the realm with good karma and favors (Fiero 14). In Chinese culture, the spoon with mythical beast head have consistently been considered as the indication of peacefulness as it was utilized in the kitchen; in this manner, during the ongoing time of modernization, the significance of monsters can't be disregarded. It ought to likewise be noticed that the foundations of such image return to the convictions introduced in Confucianism’s content (Visser and Coleman 21-23). Then again, the pieces, for example, scoop with mythical beast head in China were continuing the Chinese ascent to domain; in this way, the help obtained from the monster and its symbo lization had consistently bolstered the realm with quality and force. The most extravagant culture of the area holds the mythical serpents at each pace of the development; in this manner, the nearness of winged serpents over spoons and other generally utilized utensils can be watched. This gives an away from of the value of the pieces, Ladle, for Emperor Qianlongs rule of the Qing Dynasty at its best. To be more summary, the period was (220â€265), third century. As the vast majority of the individuals are discovered accepting that Chinese Dragon really represents the insidiousness there is as yet a specific level of misinterpretation. Chinese likewise accepted that mythical serpents give amicability to the patients. In less difficult words, the mythical beasts can assist patients with recuperating during ailment. The misguided judgment seemed well known, in light of the fact that the mythical serpent in west is considered as the image of Satan, in view of the malevolent perspec tives (Visser and Coleman 71-83). It ought to be noticed that scoop is of incredible worth and kept in the gallery since it features Chinese social legacy. It is discernible that spoon 36.8 cm which is over more prominent expense. The value of the scoop is noted to be past millions for its make. The convictions of old Chinese populace and domain show their brain research that an every day utilizing utensil with engraved or cut mythical beast head may engage their reality over the world to govern with the mastery they need to secure. The cutting edge Chinese society likewise puts stock in the old ideas, that enormity, goodness and endowments are reveled with the image of monster that may favor them as their progenitors were honored. Such worth of spoon with winged serpent head in Chinese history is because of the way that the devotees esteem mythical beasts as the controlling intensity of the

Cultural Event Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13

Social Event Report - Essay Example As declared, the shows during that specific day include: Read My Pins: The Madeleine Albright Collection; the Yves Saint Laurent: The Retrospective; Focus: Earth and Fire; Garry Winogrand: Women Are Beautiful; and Blue and White: A Ceramic Journey; among 22 occasions. There were two structure in the premises: the North Building that housed the primary historical center, which is a seven-story structure. In like manner, another structure, the Frederic C. Hamilton Building house extra assortments of the gallery. Both compositional structures are types of workmanship in themselves as they utilized creative styles and are extraordinarily planned. The Yves Saint Laurent: The Retrospective show began on March 25, 2012 and would run until July 8, 2012. It displayed a momentous assortment of high fashion articles of clothing, photos, drawings, and movies that epitomize the developing long periods of Saint Laurent as a creator. The way the articles of clothing, photos, and memorabilia were introduced was simply sublime and is profoundly demonstrative of the quality and brilliant picture that Saint Laurent has radiated as the years progressed. The assortment entitled The Dior Years were basically stunning in radiant flawlessness and excellence. Four high fashion articles of clothing were displayed in dim, dark, white and red; in styles that typify immortality. In like manner, in another feature, The Shock of Colors, was similarly sensational as the tight room was evidently lined from floor to roof in a rainbow of texture samples, where the dividers are secured with pages allegedly taken from Saint Laurent’s old note pads. The converging of these samples with the pieces of clothing showed adequately conveyed the message to the review crowd. There were as yet different originator pieces, for example, the ‘Paris Rose’, the long night dress in dark and hung with pink glossy silk strip on the bodice which was the focal point of the show. All these superb showcases speak to long periods of creative structures that are being shared

Foreign Language and Area Studies Fellowship COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Foreign Language and Area Studies Fellowship COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog U.S. citizens, nationals, or permanent residents who are proficient in certain languages may be interested in submitting an application for a Foreign Language and Area Studies Fellowship (FLAS).   SIPA will consider newly admitted applicants for funding through this program.   Graduate school student recipients receive $18,000 toward tuition and a $15,000 stipend. The timing of our admission decisions and the FLAS deadline makes it a little tricky.   Basically those interested in the FLAS must submit an application   for FLAS before the SIPA Admissions Committee has made admissions decisions.   The FLAS application deadline is March 4th and full details regarding the application process and eligible languages can be found on the FLAS application web site. Unfortunately, it is not likely that we will start publishing admissions decisions prior to March 4th.   We will do our best to start publishing decisions early in March, but we do not set a specific date.   When decisions get sent is dependent upon a variety of factors and this is a topic I will address in a future blog entry. What this means is that if you are interested in being considered for a FLAS award, you should submit your FLAS application prior to knowing your SIPA admission decision.   Due to the extremely generous nature of the fellowship, I think it would well be worth the time if you qualify and are interested. Here is a brief description of the FLAS Award taken directly from the FLAS web site: The Foreign Language and Area Studies (FLAS) Fellowship Program is predicated on the belief that “the security, stability, and economic vitality of the United States in a complex global era depend upon American experts and citizens knowledgeable about world regions, foreign languages, and international affairs, as well as upon a strong research base in these areas.” FLAS fellowships strengthen the nation’s ability to respond to security threats and to compete effectively in the modern world by promoting foreign language competence and area and international knowledge and by ensuring the continuance of area expertise in a variety of fields, including academe. If you have questions or require further information regarding FLAS, please email Sandra Peters at scp3@columbia.edu

What Is Entrapment Definition, Standards, Cases

Entrapment is a defense used in criminal court when a government agent has induced a defendant to commit a crime. In the U.S. legal system, the entrapment defense serves as a check on the power of government agents and officials. Key Takeaways: Entrapment Defense Entrapment is an affirmative defense that must be proved by a preponderance of the evidence.In order to prove entrapment, a defendant must first show that a government agent induced the defendant to commit a crime. The defendant must also show that he or she was not predisposed to commit the crime prior to government intervention. How to Prove Entrapment Entrapment is an affirmative defense, which means that the defendant carries a burden of proof. It can only be used against someone who works for a government body (e.g. state officers, federal officers, and public officials). Entrapment is proved by a preponderance of the evidence, which is a lower burden than reasonable doubt. In order to prove entrapment, a defendant must show that the government agent induced the defendant to commit a crime, and that the defendant was not predisposed to engage in criminal conduct. Offering the defendant an opportunity to commit a crime is not considered inducement. For example, if a government agent asks to buy drugs, and the defendant readily gives the officer illegal substances, the defendant has not been entrapped. In order to show inducement, a defendant must prove that the government agent persuaded or coerced them. However, inducement does not always have to be threatening. A government agent might make a promise so extraordinary in exchange for a criminal act that a defendant cannot resist the temptation. Even if a defendant can prove inducement, they must still prove that they weren’t predisposed to commit the crime. In an effort to argue against entrapment, the prosecution might use the defendant’s prior criminal acts to persuade the jury. If the defendant does not have a past criminal record, the prosecution’s argument becomes more difficult. They might ask the jury to determine the defendants state of mind prior to committing the induced offense. Sometimes, the judge and jury might consider the defendants eagerness to commit the crime. Entrapment Defense: Subjective and Objective Standards Entrapment is a criminal defense, which means it comes from common law, not constitutional law. As a result, states can choose how they want to apply entrapment defenses. There are two applications or standards that states commonly adopt: subjective or objective. Both standards require the defendant to first prove that government agents induced the crime. Subjective Standard Under the subjective standard, jurors consider both the actions of the government agent and the defendant’s predisposition to commit the crime in order to determine which was the motivating factor. The subjective standard shifts the burden back to the prosecution to prove that the defendant was predisposed to commit the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. This means that if the defendant wants to prove entrapment, the government agent’s coercion must be so extreme that it is clearly the main reason for committing the crime. Objective Standard The objective standard asks jurors to determine if the actions of an officer would have led a reasonable person to commit a crime. The mental state of the defendant does not play a role in objective analysis. If the defendant successfully proves entrapment, they are found not guilty. Entrapment Cases The following two cases offer useful examples of entrapment law in action. Sorrells v. United States In Sorrells v. United States (1932), the Supreme Court recognized entrapment as an affirmative defense. Vaughn Crawford Sorrells was a factory worker in North Carolina who allegedly smuggled alcohol during prohibition. A government agent approached Sorrells and told him that he was a fellow veteran who had served in the same division during World War I. He repeatedly asked Sorrells for liquor, and at least twice Sorrells said no. Eventually, Sorrells broke down and left to get whiskey. The agent paid him $5 for the alcohol. Prior to that sale, the government had no solid evidence that Sorrells had ever smuggled alcohol in the past. The Court ruled that Sorrells’ attorneys could use entrapment as an affirmative defense.  In a unanimous opinion, Justice Hughes wrote that the crime â€Å"was instigated by the prohibition agent, that it was the creature of his purpose, that defendant had no previous disposition to commit it but was an industrious, law-abiding citizen.† The lower court should have allowed Sorrells to argue entrapment before a jury. Jacobson v. United States Jacobson v. United States (1992) dealt with entrapment as a matter of law. Government agents began to pursue Keith Jacobson in 1985 after he bought a copy of a magazine with nude photographs of minors. The purchase occurred before Congress passed the Child Protection Act of 1984. Over the course of two and a half years, government agents sent fake mailings from multiple organizations to Jacobson. In 1987, Jacobson ordered an illegal magazine from one of the governments mailing and picked it up at the post office. In a narrow 5-4 ruling, the Court majority found that Jacobson had been entrapped by government agents. His first purchase of child pornography could not show predisposition because he bought the magazine before it was illegal. He made no attempts to break the law prior to receiving the government’s fake publications. The court argued two and a half years of persistent mailings prevented the government from showing predisposition. Sources Sorrells v. United States, 287 U.S. 435 (1932).Jacobson v. United States, 503 U.S. 540 (1992).â€Å"Criminal Resource Manual - Entrapment Elements.†Ã‚  The United States Department of Justice, 19 Sept. 2018, www.justice.gov/jm/criminal-resource-manual-645-entrapment-elements.â€Å"The Criminal Defense of Entrapment.†Ã‚  Justia, www.justia.com/criminal/defenses/entrapment/.Dillof, Anthony M. â€Å"Unraveling Unlawful Entrapment.†Ã‚  The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, vol. 94, no. 4, 2004, p. 827., doi:10.2307/3491412.â€Å"Criminal Resource Manual - Entrapment Proving Predisposition.†Ã‚  The United States Department of Justice, 19 Sept. 2018, www.justice.gov/jm/criminal-resource-manual-647-entrapment-proving-predisposition.

Marijuana Legalization Argumentative Essay - 1060 Words

In 1545, the Spanish brought marijuana to the New World. It was introduced in Jamestown in 1611, where it became a major commercial crop grown as an innocent source of fiber (specifically, hemp). By 1927, the production and possession of marijuana had been outlawed throughout the United States, causing a prohibition that is still in effect 80 years later. Since then, the world has seen the violent rise of drug cartels and the high price of fighting illegal marijuana use (Narconon). Marijuana should be legalized because significant research shows that legalization will benefit our society socially and economically. In the perspective of Americas war on drugs, marijuana is one of the biggest enemies. Not because it is a dangerous drug but†¦show more content†¦Socially, legalizing marijuana would create a safer nation and economically, the US has the potential to earn billions of dollars in extra revenue that the economy desperately needs. Studies have proven that marijuana is no more harmful to a person’s health than alcohol or tobacco. Every year, tobacco kills roughly 390,000 people, alcohol contributes to 80,000 deaths in America and marijuana contributed to 0; no deaths from marijuana have ever been recorded in US history (Abovetheinfluence.org). When smoking tobacco, the user inhales tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide, and 200 other known poisons into the lungs (Abovetheinfluence.org). All forms of tobacco, including cigars, pipe tobacco, snuff, and chewing tobacco, contain the addictive drug nicotine, and can also cause cancer. Alcohol alters a persons perceptions, emotions, movement, vision, and hearing. Alcohol plays a role in at least 50 percent of traffic deaths, about half of murders, and about 25 percent of suicides (Abovetheinfluence.org). Marijuana side effects include delusions, impaired memory, hallucinations and disorientation, which are no different from the side effects of alcohol alone. Marijuana has proven medical benefits. For example, investigators at Columbia University published clinical trial data in 2007, showing that HIV/AIDS patients who inhaled cannabis four times daily experienced substantial increases inShow MoreRelatedArgumentative Essay : Legalization Of Marijuana1387 Words   |  6 PagesAmanda Montoya April 14, 2014 Kathy severance Argumentative essay #2 Legalization of Marijuana Marijuana has been used in religious ceremonies or for medical purposes for thousands of years. I have always been against the use of Marijuana up until four years ago when my husband at the age of twenty seven underwent invasive surgery on his knee and has never been the same since. Colorado took a huge step several years ago legalizing marijuana for medical use and in recent years took the plungeRead MoreArgumentative Essay : The Legalization Of Marijuana1293 Words   |  6 PagesArgumentative Essay: The Legalization of Marijuana in the United States Should we legalize marijuana? That is an excellent question. First, we must explore the history of Cannabis. Cannabis was introduced to the United States in the 1600’s, first encouraged by the federal government for domestic hemp production, cannabis soon became a required crop for farmers to grow. Hemp was recognized for its medical benefits and was the main fiber used in industrial textiles. Marijuana thrived until the earlyRead MoreThe Legalization of Marijuana: An Argumentative Essay1704 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Legalization of Marijuana When it comes to the American war on drugs, marijuana is one of the biggest enemies. And in view of the fact that alcohol and tobacco, two life threatening substances, are officially permitted it is a pertinent question to ask why marijuana is not (Chopra et al 2002). The taxpayers of America can to a degree answer this question when they fill out their tax forms and when they hear the ruthless oratory used against marijuana by the government. The reality that marijuanaRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Legalization Of Marijuana1072 Words   |  5 PagesThe subject of marijuana legalization has been an exceedingly popular discussion topic in recent years and, as time goes on, only seems to grow more popular. This discussion has resulted in many arguments that support marijuana’s legalization. One popular argument says that since alcohol is worse for you, and alcohol is legal, marijuana should be legalized. However, this argument that marijuana should be legalized because marijua na’s effects when consumed or smoked are better than those of alcoholRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Legalization Of Marijuana901 Words   |  4 PagesThe legalization of Marijuana is a topic that has been discussed for many years. It has had many support as well as opposition. This topic has caused a lot of controversy over the years. 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But in recent years, Marijuana has become a symbol of rebellion and laziness, thanks in part to the War on Drugs. Many argue for and against its legalization but there is one thing that they can agree on; the legalization of Marijuana for Medical and Re creational uses will have a tremendous impact on society and the cultures of the UnitedRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Marijuana Legalization783 Words   |  4 Pagesthem. Marijuana is one of those options because to some people its bad, but to others it is good. Marijuana should be legalized as it will bring many positives. However, it will bring some negatives as well. That may cause issues with the government or businesses. Legalization towards anything in society will always have positives and negatives. Marijuana Legalization has many positives which can help society. 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Research Critique Free Essays

Moses Williams NURS 450 Professor Peggy Melloh Introduction Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is a fairly common complication in hospitalized patients. Nosocomial infection prevention and patient safety promotion has been issued and many researches have been conducted to improve patient’s quality of life. In this article, Saint et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Critique or any similar topic only for you Order Now (2005) hypothesize that using a paper-based urinary catheter reminder can reduce the incidence of urinary catheterization, and consequently this will enhance the patients’ safety. Critique Part 1 Research Questions or Hypotheses The background and significance of this study are properly presented in the introduction. The research question is presented at the end of the introduction of this article. Saint et al. (2005) develop the research question based on the scientific backgrounds they selected and reviewed: â€Å"Is a urinary catheter reminder effective in reducing the incidence of indwelling urethral catheterization in the hospitalized patients? † (p. 456). The Independent variable is â€Å"a urinary catheter reminder† and the dependent variable is â€Å"the incidence of indwelling urethral catheterization. The research question appropriately states the relationship between â€Å"a urinary catheter reminder† and â€Å"the incidence of indwelling urethral catheterization,† thus the research question is specific to one relationship. The research question is generated from PICO information which means population, intervention, comparison, and outcome (LoBiondo-Wood Haber, 2010, p. 63). In this study, population is the hospitalized patients in the University of Michigan Medical Center and a total of 5,678 patients participate in the study. Intervention is ‘using’ a catheter reminder and comparison is ‘not using’ a catheter reminder. Outcome is the effectiveness of a use of the reminder. Although hypothesis is not directly written in the article, Saint et al. (2005) imply that a paper-based reminder of indwelling urinary catheter might help reduce improper catheterization. The research question is not placed in a theoretical framework; however, the conceptual framework is enclosed in the literature review of the article. Two conceptual frameworks are applied to develop the research question: one is patient safety promotion and the other one is infection prevention. The rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is relatively high among the nosocomial infections. Although indwelling urinary catheters are common and essential for some hospitalized patients, sometime these are unnecessarily applied. In this paper, a simple written reminder might cut down the use of indwelling urinary catheters and consequently this can reduce the rate of CAUTI and improve patient safety. The purpose of this study is not directly stated, but it can be inferred from the research question. The purpose of this study is to test the effectiveness of a indwelling catheter reminder in decreasing the use of indwelling urinary catheter. The level of evidence of the research does not explain the significance of the study completely, but this is one of the skills that can assist the readers to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of a research (LoBiondo-Wood Haber, 2010). This research is Level III because of its quasi-experimental design which tests cause-and-effect relationships. Saint et al. (2005) investigate the relationship between the use of a urinary catheter reminder and the incidence of indwelling urethral catheterization. In order to apply evidence in practice, the nurses should assess the potential for applicability first. Saint et al. (2005) bring up the problem that indwelling urinary catheter-associated infection â€Å"accounts for up to 40% of nosocomial infections. † Another problem they find is that many physicians are often unaware of urinary catheterization in their patients. Unfortunately, these overlooked catheters are unnecessarily applied in some patients, and then the rate of CAUTI can be increased. Based on these findings, Saint et al. 2005) hypothesize that a written reminder can help the physicians remember that their patients have indwelling urinary catheter, so this awareness of urinary catheterization can reduce the incidence of indwelling urinary catheter. Review of the Literature This article does not provide the search strategy including a number of databases and other resources which identify key published and unpublished research. In this article, both the primary sourc es and the theoretical literatures are collected and appraised in order to generate the research question and to conduct knowledge-based research. In the section of the literature review, nineteen professional articles are appraised in order to provide the significance and background of the study. Saint develops the research question based on these analyses. â€Å"Catheter-associated urinary tract infections in surgical patients: A controlled study on the excess morbidity and costs† is one of the primary sources written by Givens and Wenzel who conduct and analyze this study. In addition, â€Å"Clinical and economic consequences of nosocomial catheter-related bacteriuria† is a review of a literature article which is the secondary source. Although many studies state that patient safety is a top priority and CAUTI can be controlled by the caution of health care providers, the infection rate is relatively high among other nosocomial infections. One of the reasons Saint and colleagues uncovered is unawareness and negligence by health care providers. In appraising the literatures, Saint finds â€Å"over one-third of attending physicians were unaware that their own hospitalized patients had indwelling urinary catheter† (2005, p. 456). This article was published in 2005. Among thirty two resources, eighteen articles were published before 2000 and twelve articles were published within past five years. In this paper, the oldest article Saint et al. (2005) reviewed is â€Å"Factors predisposing to bacteriuria during indwelling urethral catheterization† which was published in 1974. This implies that indwelling urinary catheter-associated infection has been issued for more than forty years, and many researchers still work on this topic. The literature review is coherently organized so that the readers can understand straightforwardly why this study is planned. Saint et al. 2005) state prevalent and essential use of indwelling urinary catheter in hospitalized patients, and then they question its safety. They point out some problems caused by indwelling urinary catheter, including indwelling urinary catheter-associated infection, the patient discomfort, and increased health care cost. In some patients, the indwelling urinary catheters are not necessarily applied due to a lack of awareness of physicians. Therefore, Saint et al. (2005) come up with the idea that a simple and written reminder assists physicians to be aware of the indwelling catheterization in their atients, so the chances of catheterization will be reduced and the rate of the indwelling urinary catheter-associated infection will be decreased simultaneously. Saint et al. summarize the literature review by stating, â€Å"an innovative system-wide administrative intervention designed to remind physicians that their patient has an indwelling catheter in place might help reduce inappropriate catheterization† (2005, p. 456). In addition, this logical summary makes them develop the research question appropriately. Internal and External Validity This study barely has a potential threat to external validity. On the contrary, the external validity of the findings might be increased because Saint et al. (2005) apply the intervention in a real hospital setting, then the findings can be generalized and applied to other hospital setting. In order to reduce the threats to internal validity, the independent variable is only manipulated in the intervention group. In other words, the intervention group only gets a urinary catheter reminder to test effectiveness of it. The baseline of differences in age, sex, length of hospital stay, and catheterization is adjusted. The intervention fidelity is maintained throughout the study. Everyday, one nurse gathers information on â€Å"catheter status, reason for catheterization, and recatheterization† (Saint et al. , 2005, p. 457). Also, the time and method of collecting data is constantly maintained. The enhancement strategy such as â€Å"email, use of tap flag, and paging† is used in order to minimize physician’s ignorance with a reminder and to increase physician’s response. Research Design The study uses a pretest-posttest design with a nonequivalent control group, which is one of the quasi-experimental designs. Four hospital wards are selected and divided in two groups. Two wards are assigned to the intervention group to which the reminders are offered, and the other two wards are assigned to the control group. Data is collected for sixteen months, and sixteen months is divided into two eight-month periods which is pre- and post-intervention (Saint et al. 2005, p. 456). A nonequivalent control group design is adequate for this study because the esearcher can observe the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of a reminder by comparing the outcomes between intervention group and control group. Also, during pre-intervention periods, baseline data can be collected in both intervention and control group which will decrease bias. However, the researcher can simply assume that the condition of both groups is similar at the beginning of the research (LoBiondo-Wood Haber, 2010). T herefore, the quasi-experimental design is proper to conduct this study in order to answer the research question. References American Psychological Association. (2002). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. LoBiondo-Wood, G. , Haber, J. (2010). Nursing Research: Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice (7th ed. ). St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier. Saint, S. , Kaufman, S. , Thompson, M. , Rogers, M. , Chenoweth, C. (2005). A Reminder Reduces Urinary Catheterization in Hospitalized Patients. Journal on Quality and Patient Safety. 31(8), 455-462. How to cite Research Critique, Essays

Cultural Planning for Economic - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCultural Planningfor Economic Turn and Globalization. Answer: Introduction Cultural planning can be considered as an approach that supports the cultural turn that includes the positioning and marketing of the cities. The main aspect of cultural planning is to plan that how cities might work and survive in terms of new emerging economic turn and globalization. Cultural planning integrates the two different aspects, which are art and culture. Cultural planning is associated with the vitality, economies and ambience of the places for achieving the main objective. This essay will focus on discussing that what is cultural planning and how culture is a part of art and life of people. Paper will also discuss the strength, weakness, limitations and opportunities of the Penrith Citys Cultural Plan. What is Cultural Planning? Cultural planning is the very important element and potential aspect of the economic growth. Cultural planning can also be considered as the spinning wheel for cultural tourism. This is a new approach for regeneration of the cities and urban planning. This is a new approach of planning the cities by focusing on the cultural aspects. The idea of the creative city heralded form the 1990s that challenged the traditional ways of city planning, and the development planners turned towards art and culture as the tools for development. Therefore, cultural planning is considered as the approach that focuses on development of the city through developing the liveable and distinctive communities that can attract the huge amount of the capital and social investments. According to the term cultural planning is considered to be a coordinated way of that focuses on recognizing and developing the local cultural values customs, rituals, priorities, everyday life activities and beliefs (Stevenson, 2005 ). The changing definition of cultural planning has placed on the cultural heritage of the cities and economic benefits are recognized. The tangible and intangible aspects of the culture and arts are used to promote the place. Changing Definition of Cultural Planning All forms of creativity are integrated in cultural planning artistic and cultural aspects are integrated with economic and technological factors, which are mainly influenced by the changing definition of cultural planning. Cultural planning has been integrated in the influential cultural planning treaties that are specifically found in the literature of Australia (Stevenson, 2013). Arts have been used as the significant element in the revitalization of many cities and towns. The literature associated with cultural planning in Australia has been associated with reshaping the orientation, development, and popularity of cultural in the country. Charles Landry and John Montgomery in the year 2003 include the creative city approach to the local cultural policy (Stevenson, 2013). Including culture and arts is not the only objective of cultural planning of a city, but it also focuses on developing the eco-system, and natural habitats. Planning also supports the cultural and lifestyle develo pment for developing the cutting edge and artistic communities. With the cultural forms, the land and water resources are also integrated in planning. The studies have stated that culture is considered as the form of art and culture is also a process. The changing definition of cultural planning has also given rise to significant tension. The tension is between the goal of continuing to support traditional arts activities and organizations at the same time as arguing against the privileging of these forms and objects of creative practice (Stevenson, 2013, p. 13). The changing definition of cultural planning also requires focusing on intersectionality, as Australia is a country with great diversity. In the late 20th century cultural planning has been considered as cultural renaissance (Evans, 2002). Cultural Planning in Penrith Council Plan The major strength of the plan is that it recognizes the arts and culture of the Aboriginal people of Australia and considers them as the original owners of the land. The community plan recognizes the strength of the communities it is focusing on. According to the study of Markusen (2006), economic development planning is increasingly emphasizing on the human capital side of the growth equation, stressing on occupation in analysis and policy (Markusen, 2006, p. 3). Therefore, the strength of the plan lies in emphasizing the growth based on the human capital. The plan considers that people in the community are the partners in the cultural development of the city. The growth of the creative city and cultural development is also based on the development and improvement of the important cultural centers and natural resources (like Nepean River). Plan focuses on generating new jobs for the community people and significantly emphasizes on the development of the indigenous community. The weakness of the cultural planning could be evaluated in terms of lack of integration of technology in planning (Mills, 2003). The urban cultural planning need to implement the technology based strategies to meet the needs of the new urbanism movement. For the genius loci,of the Penrith City, new urbanism requires to create and restore the facilities of transport, housing, entertainment, education and economics (Mercer, 2006). The plan also offers the education and training opportunities for the local people, community groups, Aboriginal people and youth, which can be considered as the significant opportunity for financial development of the city. The opportunities can also be seen in the development of the infrastructure that can be considered as important for overcoming the political, moral and aesthetic shortcomings (Stevenson, 2013). The inclusive approach that this plan has is the inclusion of the marginalized groups, such as youth, migrants, indigenous, senior citizens, disabled and refugees. This is the best want to articulate the human capital and fulfilling the creative needs of the public investment (Markusen, 2006). Hetrotopia integrates the culture and society and the lands and resources are considered as the physical, social and economic landscapes. The recent decades have displayed the obsessive tendency towards the creative urban development (Kliger Cosgrove, 1999). Gentrification has become the process of developing the cities through the power of arts, generate consumption and attract more capital (Grodach, 2016). Creating the creative environment is specifically dependent on the arts and arts focuses on gentrification for the urban and neighborhood development. The triangular conflict is seen between the economic, political and environment thoughts. The sustainability of the creative cities has to be included in the current model of development and this sustainability can be achieved through indigenous culture and their inspiring visions. Political conflicts of the industrial society can be seen as the useful principle for cultural planning of the city. Conclusion This essay is focused on the concept of cultural planning. Cultural planning is a view and significant approach towards the development of the creative cities that focuses on the arts and culture of the place. Cultural planning uses the culture and art as the essential element of development planning. Paper discussed the strength and weakness of the Penrith Regional City. This essay also discussed the various concepts associated with cultural planning. Bibliography Evans, G., 2002.Cultural planning: an urban renaissance?. Routledge. Grodach, C., 2016. Arts, gentrification, and planning for creativity.Carolina Planning Journal,41, pp.22-29. Kliger, B., Cosgrove, L. (1999). Local cross-cultural planning and decision-making with indigenous people in Broome, Western Australia.Ecumene,6(1), 51-71. Markusen, A., 2006, November. Cultural planning and the creative city. Inannual American Collegiate Schools of Planning meetings, Ft. Worth, TX. Mercer, C., 2006. Cultural planning for urban development and creative cities.Unpublished manuscript. Accessed May 8, 2017. https://www.kulturplan-oresund.dk/pdf/Shanghai_cultural_planning_paper.pdf Mills, D., 2003. Cultural planningpolicy task, not tool.Artwork Magazine,55, pp.7-11. Stevenson, D., 2013.Cities of culture: A global perspective(Vol. 111). Routledge. Stevenson, D., 2005. Cultural planning in Australia: Texts and contexts.The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society,35(1), pp.36-48.

Torah Scripture Essays - Book Of Exodus, Covenant,

Torah Scripture Introduction to the Torah Scripture Introduction to Scriptures in general and Hebrew Scriptures in particular The Torah A. Introduction to the Torah B. Begin exploring the Torah's themes and content The Torah in the New Testament and the Book of Common Prayer Part I Introduction Scripture In General Doctrine of Inspiration The Bible is: A single Divine revelation, with two Testaments, better called covenants or agreements between God and his people. Three necessary theological constituents of inspiration: God's causality: The prime mover in inspiration is God. The Bible tells us that "no prophecy ever came by human will, but men and women moved by the Holy Spirit spoke from God (II Peter 1:21). In other words, God revealed and people repeated the revelation orally or in written form. See BCP, p. 236. The Human agency: People play an important role in the overall process of inspiration; they were the means through which God spoke. God used people to convey his propositions. In inspiration, then, God is the original cause, and the human agent is the instrumental cause. Scriptural authority: This is the third and final product of God's causality and the human agency. God not only spoke to the writers of Holy Scripture, but he continues to speak through their God-inspired writing. See BCP, p. 853. A working definition of the doctrine of inspiration might be this: "A process whereby God causes his Word to work through the mind and pen of a human being, without overriding their personality and style, to produce divinely authoritative writings." The Bible has a unifying theme - Redemption: There is a two-fold meaning of the word redemption. it infers deliverance; and it implies a price paid for that deliverance, the ransom. Redemption ultimately is from: the penalty of sin: from the power of Satan and evil, cf, BCP, p. 302; by the price Jesus paid on the cross. How the Books of the Hebrew Bible are Organized (Chart) Part II Introducing The Torah The books of the Bible have not always been numbered or grouped as they are today. The earliest division of the Old Testament was a simple twofold division of Law and Prophets. The first five books were called the Law of Moses and all the other books were called the Prophets. (C.f., the Summary of the Law, BCP, p. 324) The names given to the first five books of the Bible are several: They are called: The Law The Torah The Books of Moses or the Pentateuch. The time covered in the Books of Moses or Torah: Genesis - from the creation to the bondage of Israel in Egypt, about 1860 BC. Exodus - from the sojourn of Israel in Egypt to Mt. Sinai (c. 1860-1447 BC.) Leviticus - one month between Exodus and Numbers Numbers - from Mount Sinai to the end of the forty-years "wandering" (c. 1447-1407 BC) Deuteronomy - from the end of the wandering to after Moses' funeral (about two months). The heart of the Pentateuch is found in the book of Exodus, which deals with the exodus from Egypt and the sojourn at Mount Sinai. All Jewish tradition reaches back to these "root experiences." They constitute the basic understanding of Jewish identity and of the identity and character of God. Covenant and Law Two themes fundamental to the Old Testament: covenant and Law, are closely related. Covenant signifies many things, including an agreement between nations or individuals, but above all it refers to the pact between Yahweh and Israel sealed at Mount Sinai. The language concerning that covenant has much in common with that of ancient Near Eastern treaties; both are sworn agreements sealed by oaths. Yahweh is seen to have taken the initiative in granting the covenant by electing a people. Perhaps the simplest formulation of the covenant is the sentence: ?I will take you for my people, and I will be your God? (Exodus 6:7). The law was understood to have been given as a part of the covenant, the means by which Israel became and remained the people of God. The law contains regulations for behavior in relation to other human beings as well as rules concerning religious practices, but by no means does it give a full set of instructions for life. Rather, it seems to set forth the limits beyond which the people could not go without breaking the covenant. Scholars have recognized in the Hebrew laws two major types of laws, the: apodictic casuistic. Apodictic law is represented Torah Scripture Essays - Book Of Exodus, Covenant, Torah Scripture Introduction to the Torah Scripture Introduction to Scriptures in general and Hebrew Scriptures in particular The Torah A. Introduction to the Torah B. Begin exploring the Torah's themes and content The Torah in the New Testament and the Book of Common Prayer Part I Introduction Scripture In General Doctrine of Inspiration The Bible is: A single Divine revelation, with two Testaments, better called covenants or agreements between God and his people. Three necessary theological constituents of inspiration: God's causality: The prime mover in inspiration is God. The Bible tells us that "no prophecy ever came by human will, but men and women moved by the Holy Spirit spoke from God (II Peter 1:21). In other words, God revealed and people repeated the revelation orally or in written form. See BCP, p. 236. The Human agency: People play an important role in the overall process of inspiration; they were the means through which God spoke. God used people to convey his propositions. In inspiration, then, God is the original cause, and the human agent is the instrumental cause. Scriptural authority: This is the third and final product of God's causality and the human agency. God not only spoke to the writers of Holy Scripture, but he continues to speak through their God-inspired writing. See BCP, p. 853. A working definition of the doctrine of inspiration might be this: "A process whereby God causes his Word to work through the mind and pen of a human being, without overriding their personality and style, to produce divinely authoritative writings." The Bible has a unifying theme - Redemption: There is a two-fold meaning of the word redemption. it infers deliverance; and it implies a price paid for that deliverance, the ransom. Redemption ultimately is from: the penalty of sin: from the power of Satan and evil, cf, BCP, p. 302; by the price Jesus paid on the cross. How the Books of the Hebrew Bible are Organized (Chart) Part II Introducing The Torah The books of the Bible have not always been numbered or grouped as they are today. The earliest division of the Old Testament was a simple twofold division of Law and Prophets. The first five books were called the Law of Moses and all the other books were called the Prophets. (C.f., the Summary of the Law, BCP, p. 324) The names given to the first five books of the Bible are several: They are called: The Law The Torah The Books of Moses or the Pentateuch. The time covered in the Books of Moses or Torah: Genesis - from the creation to the bondage of Israel in Egypt, about 1860 BC. Exodus - from the sojourn of Israel in Egypt to Mt. Sinai (c. 1860-1447 BC.) Leviticus - one month between Exodus and Numbers Numbers - from Mount Sinai to the end of the forty-years "wandering" (c. 1447-1407 BC) Deuteronomy - from the end of the wandering to after Moses' funeral (about two months). The heart of the Pentateuch is found in the book of Exodus, which deals with the exodus from Egypt and the sojourn at Mount Sinai. All Jewish tradition reaches back to these "root experiences." They constitute the basic understanding of Jewish identity and of the identity and character of God. Covenant and Law Two themes fundamental to the Old Testament: covenant and Law, are closely related. Covenant signifies many things, including an agreement between nations or individuals, but above all it refers to the pact between Yahweh and Israel sealed at Mount Sinai. The language concerning that covenant has much in common with that of ancient Near Eastern treaties; both are sworn agreements sealed by oaths. Yahweh is seen to have taken the initiative in granting the covenant by electing a people. Perhaps the simplest formulation of the covenant is the sentence: ?I will take you for my people, and I will be your God? (Exodus 6:7). The law was understood to have been given as a part of the covenant, the means by which Israel became and remained the people of God. The law contains regulations for behavior in relation to other human beings as well as rules concerning religious practices, but by no means does it give a full set of instructions for life. Rather, it seems to set forth the limits beyond which the people could not go without breaking the covenant. Scholars have recognized in the Hebrew laws two major types of laws, the: apodictic casuistic. Apodictic law is represented

Free Essays on Morality In Defending The Guilty

On June 12, 1994, the entire United States was glued to the television. One famous man had been arrested with the brutal stabbing murders of his ex-wife and her estranged lover. This famous man seemed clearly guilty. He was soon enough presumed â€Å"guilty† because he was at the scene of the crime, and because of the evidence gathered, fingers were pointed at him: he had no where to run. The press was in the sky, in his trees, and at his door, hounding him for a statement. He went on to hire the best possible attorneys he could. He knew his case would be a difficult one to prove. The defense lawyers with their lives on hold spent endless hours studying the case and gathering the facts. Many times the defense was labeled â€Å"disturbers of the peace†, due to the belief that they were lying to cover up their client. The testimonies of witnesses took nine months and encompassed almost 120 people, Forty-five thousand pages of evidence and more than one thousand exhibits (CNN, pg 1). a year and half later the defendant, O.J. Simpson, walked away a free man, thanks in part to the legal system that defended him. This is what being a defense lawyer is all about, doing whatever it takes to defend your clients rights set forth by the constitution. Becoming a lawyer is no easy task. It requires years of academic and practical training, devotion and a desire to attain that goal. To become a lawyer in the U.S. you must have graduated from an American Bar Association (ABA) certified college. Then you must take the â€Å"Bar† exam, a six-hour 200 question test. Then comes one of the biggest decisions, to prosecute or to defend. Prosecuting lawyers are generally representing the government in criminal cases, and in civil cases they represent the client bringing the charge. The job of the prosecution is to present the case against the defendant. To inform the jury of the charge they are trying to expound on the defendant, and to convince the j... Free Essays on Morality In Defending The Guilty Free Essays on Morality In Defending The Guilty On June 12, 1994, the entire United States was glued to the television. One famous man had been arrested with the brutal stabbing murders of his ex-wife and her estranged lover. This famous man seemed clearly guilty. He was soon enough presumed â€Å"guilty† because he was at the scene of the crime, and because of the evidence gathered, fingers were pointed at him: he had no where to run. The press was in the sky, in his trees, and at his door, hounding him for a statement. He went on to hire the best possible attorneys he could. He knew his case would be a difficult one to prove. The defense lawyers with their lives on hold spent endless hours studying the case and gathering the facts. Many times the defense was labeled â€Å"disturbers of the peace†, due to the belief that they were lying to cover up their client. The testimonies of witnesses took nine months and encompassed almost 120 people, Forty-five thousand pages of evidence and more than one thousand exhibits (CNN, pg 1). a year and half later the defendant, O.J. Simpson, walked away a free man, thanks in part to the legal system that defended him. This is what being a defense lawyer is all about, doing whatever it takes to defend your clients rights set forth by the constitution. Becoming a lawyer is no easy task. It requires years of academic and practical training, devotion and a desire to attain that goal. To become a lawyer in the U.S. you must have graduated from an American Bar Association (ABA) certified college. Then you must take the â€Å"Bar† exam, a six-hour 200 question test. Then comes one of the biggest decisions, to prosecute or to defend. Prosecuting lawyers are generally representing the government in criminal cases, and in civil cases they represent the client bringing the charge. The job of the prosecution is to present the case against the defendant. To inform the jury of the charge they are trying to expound on the defendant, and to convince the j...

Speaker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Speaker - Essay Example his could be attributed to the cause he took in the civil rights movement of ending segregation as well as the effective use of rhetorical tools of ethos, pathos, and logos that made his speeches very powerful. He combined emotional appeal with his integrity of character being a minister and then delivered with an impeccable logic that made his speeches very persuasive. The speech that I saw begun by agitating the audience through the use of ethos or emotion by first mentioning the broken promise of the Emancipation Proclamation which should have freed the Negro slaves and yet the Negro is still enslaved. He elaborated the plight of the Negro as he languished in poverty and misery which his audience could relate. Further, he fanned this flamed emotion (ethos) by appealing to their desires to be free and equal by the speech’s main theme of his dream which is also the dream of every Negro. This to the audience, including me, is very compelling that if I were born during his time, I may have also heeded his call to end the segregation. Praetorius, Dean. "MLK Jr. "I Have A Dream" Speech (VIDEO)." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 14 Jan. 2011. Web. 4 Jan. 2014.

Critical Issues in Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Critical Issues in Marketing - Essay Example (BRASSINGTON, Frances, 2006) Each one of the "four P's" is a variable that is managed in creation of the marketing blend that draws customers towards company. (CANT, M. C., 2009) This paper hereby emphasizes on the five critical issues in the modern marketing practices that are widely acknowledged as culture jamming, self-help, super markets, counter culture and selling of celebrity. The term "Culture jamming" refers to a cultural backtalk by switching to the language of ascertained power. (GOODMAN, Jennifer, 2006) The process comprises of playing with memorable structures of communiqu and interfaces like "posters, billboards, official language, protocol, spaces and imagery" (GOODMAN, Jennifer, 2006) and spiraling them back against its creator. An undermined note could contain critique of the original or might ally with a novel political message for instance "Class War: Just Do It." (GOODMAN, Jennifer, 2006) Usually, culture jamming is considered as time saving as it is a quick job on an existing advertisement with need of merely a marker. It evenly involves the design of professional media, necessitating the superiority of intricate graphical design and copywriting. Culture jamming had brought an up to date twirl to an elongated legacy of court jesting, opinionated satire and jokey commotions of the society. (KOTLER, Philip, 2005) Unlike its antecedents, although, this modern dissident game is participated principally with signs and symbols in the community that has already approached to be pervade by them. (SOLOMON, Michael R., 2003) The phase for the materialization of culture jamming was laid in the early 20th century as mass fabrication; mass utilization and mass haulage set its foot in Europe and North America. (KOTLER, Philip, 2005) The pace conveyed with these innovative growths shaped a flood of information leading way for industrialized civilizations to search for and grow extra competent codes of message to cope with it all making symbolic lingos more imperative than ever and gave birth to countless novel symbolic code from street map emblems to commercial logos, all intended to craft swift sense of gradually more multifaceted information. (KOTLER, Philip, 2005) In the precedent two decades, culture jamming has caught on far-off and broad range, credit to

Models of Policy Making

Models of Policy Making I think the whether policy process is incremental or non-incremental depends on different situation. (I think the reality is much more complicated than any theory, in order to reduce the complexity of this question we can use different theory models.) Before we discuss whether the nature of the policy process is incremental or non-incremental, we should first think what is an incremental model of policy and what is a non-incremental model of policy process, and we should also think about both the advantages and disadvantages of these models. There are three different models here: the rationality (bounded rationality) model, the incrementalism model and the garbage can model. Bounded Rationality Model In Simons bounded rationality model, the rationality is conditioned. The actual process of social activities is affected by intuition, experience, accuracy of information and value judgments. Pure objective and rational decision-making model is only a hypothesis model, it doesnt exist in reality. In the bounded rationality model, the decision maker should distinguish fact from value and preferences; and he shouldnt replace the value with the fact; also, the decision maker should distinguish method from goal In fact, the government has only limited policy options and decision-maker can only do limited cost-benefit analysis. The information, material resources, political support and time of the policy are all limited; therefore, the policy choice has been limited. According to this situation, the assessment criteria of the policy are not whether this policy is optimal or not, the criteria of the policy are whether it is satisfying and second best or not. Simons theory doesnt say that t he decision makers cant make any non-incremental progress, however it tells us that the decision making process are limited by information and power. If the policy maker can have enough material support, political support, information and enough time then they can make some non-incremental process; if all these factors are very limited then it is highly unlikely for them to make a very no-incremental policy process. Incrementalism model Lindbloms incrementalism model emphasizes that the policy process is an ongoing process. Decision-making process is largely based on decision-makers past experience with some slight modifications of existing policy. This is an incremental process, and the changes within this process seemed to be slow, but the small changes may lead into some great changes, the actual speed of changing is often greater than we thought. However, a drastic policy change from policy A to the next policy A1 is not only unfeasible but also undesirable; a drastic change may threat social stability and will cause policy disruptions. In his view, the decision-making and policy-making process are bounded to political factor, technical factor, and they are also constrained by existing policies. And all these constrain have determined that the decision-making process is incremental. Garbage can model Garbage can model is carried out by Marche and Olsen. They believe there is inherently irrational factor within in the decision-making process, and sometime there is limited rationality in the incremental process. They argue that policymakers policy targets and solutions are often not very clear. In the policy process, the policy making organizations are facing lots of potential policy solutions, policy programs, policy participants and policy opportunities. And these factors were thrown into a policy garbage can and they are mixed together. The policy is what the policy maker finally picks out from the can. The garbage can model tried to expand organizational decision theory into the then uncharted field of organizational anarchy which is characterized by problematic preferences, unclear technology and fluid participation. There are four of those streams were identified in the model: Problem (requires attention), Solutions (has it own life.), Opportunities, Participants (not stable). They are independent of each other and there is no causal link. The theoretical breakthrough of the garbage can model is that it disconnects problems, solutions and decision makers from each other, unlike traditional decision theory. Some opportunities may cycle and some may never return. When o pportunities arise, problems, solutions and participants will across and the four streams may converge. If problems and solutions are matched during this period then the problem is resolved. If they dont match, then they will wait for another decision-making opportunity. Specific decisions do not follow an orderly process from problem to solution, but are outcomes of several relatively independent streams of events within the organization. Under normal circumstances, policy makers are using his default preference with his to discovered the right questions. Garbage can model has some advantages: on the one hand, it can explain why the bureaucracy is often inefficient. Using this model, we can understand that bureaucrats often lack the incentive to push reform; therefore, public policy process tends to change slowly. On the other hand this model shows that opportunities, human creativity and choice still have some space in policy process and some dramatic change can happened through a non-incremental random way. Kingdon creates the multiple stream models from the garbage can model to explain why there are major shifts in the agenda, and why these changes could be non- incremental change to existing policy. Kingdons model identifies three streams in the system: problems, policies, and politics. Each stream is flowing during the policy process. And each is stream is independent from others, and each stream has its own dynamics and rules. However, in a critical time point all these streams will merge into one single package. Usually, a focusing issue will bring this critical time point, also the change of political structure will also bring the critical time point to the policy entrepreneurs. And the policy entrepreneur will use this package to promote their policy solution. If the solution of the issue has been received by the policy makers, then there will be even a dramatic change within the policy process. As I discussed above, Lindbloms incrementalism model can work goo in a stable situation. However, it has some limitations and inadequacies. Firstly, it is a conservative approach; it is generally suitable for relatively stable environment. In order to make the policy process work well, the former policy should be good. However, once the social conditions and the environment changed dramatically, the incremental decision-making model may not work well. History has shown that certain moment in social development requires substantial policy adjustments, and sometimes it is even necessary for the policy makers to abandon former policy. In these situations, the incremental method could be useless or even has some negative effects. In these cases, I think the bounded rationality policy model can work better. Because in this model, policy maker can make new policy by using limited information through careful calculations. Although in the bounded rationality model, the first trial of new pol icy is not perfect, but it can provide a useful base for further improvement for next incremental process or at least it can provide a potential policy alternative for the garbage can. At some degree, I think the incrementalism approach and the garbage can approach are method directed which means these two policy process dont require a certain policy goal; while the bounded rationality approach is goal directed which means there is a certain goal. In conclusion, I think whether policy process is incremental or non-incremental should depend on different situations. Also, in order to discuss whether a policy process is incremental or non-incremental we should limit the time span of the policy process. The incremental process works better in a stable environment and it does not require a clear policy goal; if the policy process is theoretically limited within a short policy period, then there will be no major changes. The non-incremental process may work better in a rapid changing situation. The bounded rationality model shows that the policy makers could make useful policy with limited information and resources. 5) Some criticize policy theories for being better at explaining policy stability than policy change. Evaluate this claim with respect to some leading thinkers from our course. No, I think there are some theories can explain policy change as well as policy stability. Here are some theories which can be used to explain policy changes: Punctuated Equilibrium Theory and Policy Change Punctuated Equilibrium Theory attempts to describe the progressive policy changes and significant change. When the policy issues are addressed by the political sub-system, we usually can observe the existence of incremental changes; conversely, when dealing with policy issues to be raised to the macro political system, there may be a significant policy change, and we often observe a major policy change (True, Jones, and Baumgartner, 1999:102). In the process of policy change, the policy entrepreneur is trying to change recognized/accepted ideas of the public (Baumgartner and Jones, 1993:42). Although the Punctuated Equilibrium Theory has pointed out when the image of the existing policy is challenged the opportunities will be created, but the theory hasnt tell why policies will be challenged. We can observe a policy change when there are new way of policy thinking, a mobilization of new policy supporters and a institutional change within the policy structure. Whether these factors appear together or they appear alone will make policy maker change their former incremental and stable policy process at different degrees. These factors will punctuate the equilibrium of policy stable developing process; and these factors will bring turbulent and unstable policy process. The definitions of policy issue, the boundary of policy problem, the agenda setting of policy are the key factors in policy process. Different interpretation of policy issue will also reinforce policy supports or bring doubts to existing policy. The model emphasizes policy change is punctuated equilibrium, the change is motivated by a complex combination of internal and external factors. Advocacy Coalition Framework and Policy Change Advocacy Coalition Framework was first proposed by Sabatier (1988). Sabatier suggests that we should focus on the interaction of the policy advocacy. Sabatier suggests that within the coalition those members share the mutual belief in a set of policy beliefs. Based on this hypothesis, policy change can be understood as a function of the relationship between the competing advocacy coalition and outside factors (Sabatier, 1999:9; Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith, 1993:5). The policy change is a result of advocacy coalitions competition, interaction of beliefs and outside factors. Advocacy Coalition Framework shows that belief system can be divided into three levels, deep core, policy core beliefs and secondary aspects. Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith (1999:147) pointed out that major changes in a policy actually is a change of core beliefs, while a smaller change of policy reflects changes in the policy beliefs or the secondary beliefs . Basically, deep core values are fixed, and it is more like an exogenous variables; policy core beliefs are formed and it serve as advocacys adhesives, it often take a decade or more time to change, and it can be considered as part of the endogenous variable. Substantial policy change is the result of the changes in policy beliefs. And the changes in secondary level will lead to small, incremental policy change (Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith, 1999: 131). Also policy Change is divided into two types: incremental policy changes and significant policy changes. Incremental change can be the result of policy learning. Because the goal of policy learning is not to shake the foundation of core beliefs, therefore there will not be major policy changes (Sabatier, 1988:149; Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith, 1999:123). And the leaning process is often used to reinforce and support the policy belief and core belief. Another way to think of the learning process Subject of Learning Object of Learning Consequence Governmental Govt Officials Intelligent policy process Institutional Change Experimental Policy Network Methodology New Policy Solution Societal Policy Community Idea and Concept Shifting Paradigm However, if the core belief is shaken, then the advocacy coalition may collapse. Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith (1999:147-49) pointed out that the cause for major policy changes include: changes in socio-economic conditions, changes in governance system, etc Multiple Streams Model and Policy Change Multiple Streams Model is developed based on the garbage can mode (Cohen, March and Olsen (1972). Multiple Streams Model is proposed in 1984 by Kingdon. According to this model, when policy maker are facing uncertainty and time pressure, the most concerned issue for them is the time point rather than rational or optimal output. From this perspective, the key point for policy change is the right time point. If policy maker can grasp the key time point, then he can make some policy changes. Multiple Streams Model indicates that the policy process consists three processes/streams; and these processes are made by different actors: the first problem streams includes different information and solutions proposed by their supporters; the second policy streams includes government officials concern of policy alternatives and policy formation; the third politics stream includes political consideration by the elected officials and elected representatives (Sabatier, 1999:9). These three processes flow inside and outside the federal government, and each is an individual process operation for most of the time, they are unrelated to each other (Kingdon, 1994:216). In a crucial time point, policy entrepreneur will combine the various processes (coupling into a single package, and it will greatly enhance a policy issue attention and even create a policy opportunity) (Zahariadis, 1999:73). And in this critical point, policy window will be opened. Kingdon (1994:216) has described, when the policy window open, a policy issue will come out. Some policy solutions which can be used to address the policy issues have already existed, and the time for this policy is correct. Policy window is an opportunity to promote a particular policy program, they will appear by themselves, but it is a very short time for people to notice and use this opportunity (Kingdon, 2003:166). Kingdon (2003:168) further pointed out that under the Multiple Streams Model, policy window may flow from the political stream or problems stream. If the policy window is opened for political reasons, it is because of president changed, there are changes of the administrating party, there is change in congress, etc If the policy window is opened from the policy stream, it is mostly because some issues have caught the attention of government officials. Whether policy makers are seeking solutions to promote existing policies or seeking alternatives to replace existing policies, the policy maker will always provide some opportunities for policy advocators to sell their policies. This means that as long as those policy advocators can make policy makers believe that their program is a feasible option to address policy issues or their solutions can help to accumulate political prestige and resources of the new policies; sooner or later, their policy proposals will have the chance to enter the policy agenda. It is possible for these proposals to be legitimized and carried out as the governments policy (Kingdon, 2003:172). Zahariadis (1999:82) argues that, if the policy window is opened in the political stream, then the combination of the various processes are more likely to be doctrinal. It is an existing policy to help find solutions to solve policy issues. If the policy window is opened in the problem stream, then the combination of th e various processes are more likely to be consequential, that is a process for finding a viable solution. Kingdon (2003:94-95) also pointed out that the policy problems may not seem obvious to every person. Sometimes a problem is noticed because there is a focusing event which has provided it with a policy window. Kingdon (2003:97) the focus of the event will be made as symbol in political world; and a symbol will draw attention and strengthen the role for certain issues. In conclusion, I think from a philosophic aspect the theories of policy stability and theories of policy changes are the two sides of the same coin. Also, I think the relationship between different theories is not only completive but sometime different theories are complementary to each others. I think the problem for some policy scholars is that they often focused on one theory instead of looking for different explanations from different theories 4) Deborah Stone calls the struggle over ideas the essence of policy making. Discuss this claim with respect to leading theories of the policy process. I name my answer to question as Idea and Deborah Stone, I want go through her book and explain why ideas are so important. According to Deborah Stone, idea will help people to define alliance, strategic considerations also idea will help people to get the legitimacy and draw policy boundaries. (Deborah, P 34). According to Deborah Stone, idea will decide who will be affected, how will they be affected and will they be affected legitimately (Deborah, P.34). In the first Chapter, Stone starts her analysis at the city-state (the Greek term polis) level. The public policy is considered as an attempt to achieve a certain community goals (Deborah, P 21). However, due to the fact that everyone has his own understanding of ideas, therefore the political community has become a place for internal debates over who will be affected, how will they be affected and will they be affected legitimately(Deborah, P 34) . The policy-making process has thus become a continuous interaction between the conflict and cooperation. In Stones model, individuals may pursue their goals through collective action. The motivation is not only based on self-interests but also based on public concerns. This is because the public interest is be related to the goal of survival (Deborah, P 33). However, when there is a contradiction between self-interest and public interest, the policy process will be more complicated (Deborah, P 33). When the group is motivated under common ideas, the group will get more strength, and there will be a balance between private interests and public interests in the conflict. Stone directly uses the idea as the core concept of this book. In her construction of polis community vs market individual(Deborah P 33) model, ideas have become the focus. Stone tries to use struggle of idea to explain all stages of policy-making process. Policy-making is followed by a continuous constantly struggle to fight for the classification of standards, types of boundaries, and guide people to conduct the ideal typical definition. The struggle of idea can be seen in several policy levels. According to Stones theory, idea defines what people want from the policy; it is the foundation for people to cognize and understands what the policy is. Idea provides a relationship between advocators and advocacy coalitions; Idea provides causal relationship for these people and groups, and ideas will be reflected to their policy objectives through their actions of obtaining support. And these people with the shared idea will persuade decision-makers to meet their preferences. As mentioned above, Stone sees idea as a constantly changing dynamic and resources of construction. And by given different interpretations of ideas, the concept of the ideas will also change. She points out that the politics of policy is to choose the interpretation (Deborah P 75). Stone argues that the authority to interpret idea is the key factor in the policy-making process. Only legitimated idea can be transformed into policy. And using the legiti macy, peoples knowledge or behavior can be changed. And policy change can also be made through this interaction of ideas. Ideas affects how people cognized politics, and the change of politics will also feedback on ideas. To Stone, idea is not static; idea is an ongoing of constructing and reconstructing process of concepts. Now I will try to exam whether Deborah Stones idea theory can fits with other policy process theory. In the punctuated equilibrium theory, Baumgartner and Jones also argue that idea is a potential power in the policy making process. According to their book Agendas and Instability in American Politics, a powerful supporting idea is associated with the institution (Baumgartner and Jones, P 7); In page 16, they also writethe tight connection between institution and idea provides powerful support for prevailing distribution of political advantage. These statements mean that idea will help people understand what is at stake and how will they be affected (Stone, 2002), policy advocators will use institution arrangement to make their idea be legitimate. Also, in order to gain more power those policy actors will manipulate images and ideas. To Baumgartner and Jones, ideas are important because they provide some potential undergirding institutional arrangements; and the struggle of idea is the struggle over legitimate institution arrangements. In the book Agendas, alternatives and public policies, Kingdon also discusses the importance. In order to make useful policy suggestions, participants in the policy process are competing to develop new ideas; and they are trying to provide their ideas in the form of potential solutions to policy makers. According to Kingdon, policy entrepreneurs lie in wait in and around government with their solutions [already] in hand, waiting for problems to float by to which they can attach their solutions, waiting for a development in the political stream they can use to their advantage (Kingdon, P 165). Shared ideas make policy entrepreneurs into alliance; and these alliances are trying to make their ideas become legitimate. Kingdons primal policy soup (Kingdon, P 139-143) model provides us a picture of how decision makers accept idea through coherent narrative process (ideas are flowing in the streams just as molecules flowing in the soup). According to Kingdon, a policy community creates a sh ort list of ideas. If the ideas can go through the selecting process, softening up process and if they can pass the exam by specialists and policy makers, they may finally become policies. The whole process can be viewed as a continuing struggle of ideas. In this case, ideas are not only competing with other ideas, they are also struggling to survive in this primal soup. I also think Kingdons policy window model is another improvement to Deborah Stones arguments. People are now struggling to make their idea in front of the policy window at the correct time. This model discovers that the during the policy process, critical time is also important for ideas struggling. However, I think there are also some theories which do not fully support Deborah Stones argument. In the garbage can model, because the nature of unclear, policy is not necessarily to be the consequence of the ideas struggling. In Kingdons Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies, he describes that as garbage can into which various kinds of problems and solutions are dumped by participantsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ removed from the scene (Kingdon, P 85). In some sense, Deborah Stones Struggling of ideas assumption is more based on a goal-oriented policy making process, in order to make it work, there should be a clear policy goal from all participants; while the classical garbage can model is more like a method-oriented policy making process, it doesnt require a clear goal or solution at the beginning. In the garbage can model, people are not fighting with each other over ideas in the final solution selecting stage, however it is still correct to say that each solution in the garbage can is a result of deliberative idea thinking. I think there is a slight difference between Deborah Stones theory and the garbage can model. Another policy theory which doesnt fully consistent with Deborah Stones theory is the incrementalism theory. According to Lindblom, the incremental policy process is more relied on former existing policies. According to this model, the policy environment generally remains stable. Because the incremental nature of the policy, the new policy will inherent the policy environment from previous policy, if the former policy has resolved the struggling of idea, then there will be less struggling of ideas in the new policies. Since the policy environment is stable, it will be unlikely for us to speculate a violently struggle over ideas. The last policy process theory I want discuss in the context of struggling over idea is the advocacy coalition framework (ACF) theory. The central idea of this theory is that people or groups with the same beliefs (core/policy/secondary) will form a coalition. I think Sabatiers concept of belief is similar to Deborah Stones concept of idea. Especially, I think the concept of policy belief is playing the role of idea in the policy process. I think his core belief is rooted even deeper than idea. The core belief will sometimes become unnoticeable. And using the ACF model, we can find out that the policy process is a competition among different policy beliefs, and I think this observation is close to Deborahs struggle over ideas the essence of policy making.'. But it does not mean that the change in the secondary belief level is also a result of struggling, according to Sabatiers theory, such change is more like the result of an incremental learning process. In conclusion, I think Deborah Stones argument is useful for us to understand some policy process. However, by using different theories we should also notice whether policy processes are struggle over ideas should be analyzed in situations. The Punctuated-Equilibrium model, ACF model and Multiple Stream model indicate that Deborahs argument is valid. In the P-E model, the change of existing idea or appearance of new idea will bring turbulence to the policy process; in the ACF model, the learning process can change beliefs at different level, and these changes will bring feedbacks to the policy process; in the M-S model, policy entrepreneurs will using the opportunity to propose their ideas, and when critical time is come, the coupled stream will become policy. Incremental Model suggests that policy process is not necessarily linked to struggling when the time span of the policy is very short. There could be no struggle when the whole policy process is already fixed. However, I think the origin/first policy in the incremental model is a result of idea struggling. The Garbage Can model suggests that the choosing process within the policy process may appear as a random process, it is not necessarily to be the consequence of the idea struggling. Reference: Sabatier, Paul A. 1988. An Advocacy Coalition Framework of Policy Change and the Role of Policy-Oriented Learning Therein, Policy Sciences, 21:129-168. Sabatier, Paul A. (ed.) 1999. Theories of the Policy Process. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Sabatier, Paul A. and Hank C. Jenkins-Smith. 1993. Policy Change and Learning: An Advocacy Coalition Approach. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Sabatier, Paul A. and Hank C. Jenkins-Smith. 1999. The Advocacy Coalition Framework: An Assessment, In Sabatier, Paul A. (ed.) Theories of the Policy Process. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Kingdon, John W. 1995. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. 2nd ed., New York: HarperCollins. Zahariadis, Nikolaos. 1999. Ambiguity, Time, and Multiple Streams, In Sabatier, Paul A. (ed.), Theories of the Policy Process. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. True, James L., Bryan D.Jones, and Frank R. Baumgartner. 1999. Punctuated- Equilibrium Theory: Explaining Stability and Change in American Policymaking, In Sabatier, Paul A. (ed.), Theories of the Policy Process. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Jones, Bryan D., Frank R. Baumgartner, and James L. True 1998. Policy Punctuations: U.S. Budget Authority, 1947-1995, The Journal of Politics, 60(1):1-33. Baumgartner, Frank R. and Bryan D. Jones. 1993. Agendas and Instability in American Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Reference: Kingdon, J. W. (1984) Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies . U. S. A.: Harper Collins. Lindblom, C. E. (1959) The science of muddling through. Public Administration Review, 14, pp. 79-88. Cohen, M., March, J., Olson, J. (1972) A garbage can model of organizational choice. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17, pp. 1-25. March, James and Olsen. (1984) The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factor in Political Life. American Political Science Review 78. 734-749

Flaxseed to reduce plasma cholesterol and the formation of atherosclero

Regarding the study â€Å"Flaxseed reduces plasma cholesterol and atherosclerotic lesion formation in ovariectomized Golden Syrian hamsters†, the research question for Lucas et al. (2004) study is: Can flaxseed reduce plasma cholesterol and the formation of atherosclerotic lesion in women who are deficient in ovarian hormones or menopausal women? According to the study, in menopausal women, the deficiency of ovarian hormones will increase the level of plasma cholesterol and the risk of plaque formation which lead to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Previously, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was used to solve this problem. However, it is related to an increased risk of some serious diseases such as ovarian cancer and breast cancer; therefore, a lot of women are turning to a safer way to deal with this problem. Recently, functional foods, foods which have the potential for health protection, are considered alternatives to use for reducing CVD risks, and flaxseed is one of those which is used to lower factors that cause CVD. Since it is rich in lignans, ÃŽ ±-linolenic acid (ALA) and soluble fiber which can lower cholesterol level, flaxseed would be beneficial for decreasing CVD risks in postmenopausal women. From previous animal and human studies, we know that flaxseed has the potential to reduce concentrations of cholesterol. Moreover, it can also prevent atherosclerosis by interacting with the vessel wall. However, the effect of flaxseed in reducing plasma cholesterol and atherosclerotic lesion formation associated with ovarian hormone deficiency has not been investigated (Lucas et al., 2004). For these reasons, this study focused on the dose-dependent effect of flaxseed on cholesterol concentrations and atherosclerotic lesion formation. S... ...study and methods to measure and analyze data. Ovariectomized hamsters were proper representatives of postmenopausal women, since after ovariectomy, their plasma cholesterol and the formation of lesions were also increased. Moreover, the authors referred to related studies to develop the experiments and this also provides information about the importance of the project. However, samples collected during the study had to be kept and analyzed later; therefore, this may affect their condition and an accuracy of the results. Works Cited Lucas, A. E., Lightfoot, A. S., Hammond, J. L., Devareddy, L., Khalil, A. D., Daggy, P. B., Smith, J. B., Westcott, N., Mocanu, V., Soung, Y. D., Arjmandi, H. B. (2004). Flaxseed reduces plasma cholesterol and atherosclerotic lesion formation in ovariectomized Golden Syrian hamsters. Atherosclerosis, 173, 223-229.

Will robots take your job

In a world of technological advancements we ask a simple question. Will robots take our Jobs? In my personal opinion I believe they will and sort of already have in a small way. Judging by the readings in the book we can certainly see many ways robots have already started to take over Jobs by replacing people with self-check kiosk, Tam's and pay at the pump self-service stations.As stated in the book the employer can cut jack cost by purchasing â€Å"humanoids† to do Jobs more proficiently than humans. So with that being said you can see how it's possible that with advances in technology robots will take our Jobs. Check your daily routines and see how fast and easy it is for you to effectively use some sort of robotic to simplify your life in the public setting. Let's go to the store and all we need is gas.Simply slide your debit card at the island pumps and then you pump and go. K we need some quick cash so to avoid waiting on a bank teller we stop by an ATM grab the cash an d go. Now its break time at work and you have to be back in a hurry, you have a few options here. Again you can insert money into a vending machine or go to a restaurant and use the express kiosk. Just when you thought you were done you got to stop by the grocery store and pick up something to cook for supper.These lines are looking pretty long and backed up because the store is very busy, so you opt to use the U-Scan. Looking back at this daily routine we can see how robots have already taken the place of certain human jobs. Don't get me wrong you can always go into these business's and have that interaction with the associate if you would like but, when most people are in a hurry they can use the slide your card and go method as I call it Just as effectively.Let's take an adventure to the employers' point of view when it comes to robots or â€Å"humanoids† taking Jobs. One of the biggest reasons they will consider this option instead of hiring someone is that the humanoids will be able to save them money. Costing around $10,000 dollars to purchase a humanoid the employer can save on average $5,080 a year to employ them versus an actually human, based on paying someone to come in and do the Job at a minimum wage rate.Another reason is that you can expect the humanoids to happily do the Job and do it so proficiently. Now only will they be able to do your Job but they will do it better. Cooking, cleaning, placing orders, building houses, driving cars and even flying planes are some of the jobs at risk. We certainly have the technology now to replace workers the only reason we haven't implemented robots into these position is because they don't have senses such as sight, hearing and ways of expressing emotion to the customer.Furthermore we can conclude that in the future robots will and such be expected to take our Jobs. You can say no this can't be possible, but look at how technology is ever changing. Just as computers have changed over time from fittin g one in an entire room to now we can wear them on our wrist and drop them into our pockets. The market for robots to take over will be the future. By 2050 they will be perfected to proficiently

Future Of Terrorism And Its Future Prospects Within Pakistan

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