Function of 6 Standardized Assessment Tools Utilized with LBD Students Research Paper

Function of 6 Standardized Assessment Tools Utilized with LBD Students - Research Paper Example This is because good educationists have often been identified with the selection and usage of assessment tools that can be classified as valid. By valid assessment tool, reference is being made to an assessment tool that achieves the purpose for which it was set out. An assessment tool that is not able to achieve the purpose for which it was set out is ineffective and as unhelpful as there was no assessment tool in place. This essay therefore seeks to examine a number of assessment tools used with LBD students to find how effective they are in the delivery of the functions for which they were set out. The assessment tools shall also be scrutinized in accordance to their diagnostic benefits to student programming and planning utilizing technology. What is Assessment? As mentioned earlier, assessment is an integral part of education. Assessment concerns the practice of finding the effectiveness of an educational system. Assessment however concerns a series of activities and events. Cyb erSleuth-Kids (2011) therefore explain that assessment is â€Å"the process of documenting, often times in measurable terms, knowledge, skills, attitudes and beliefs.† This means that documentation is an important practice in assessment. Observations in measurable phenomenon such as knowledge, skills, attitudes and beliefs are all documented. ... The Northwestern Science Health University (2010) also posits that â€Å"Assessment is an ongoing process of setting high expectations for student learning, measuring progress toward established learning outcomes, and providing a basis for reflection, discussion and feedback to improve University academic programs.† This seems to be a broader definition that integrates not just what assessment but the reasons for undertaking it and the importance that comes with conducting assessment. The relation this definition has with the earlier definition is that there should be a set of objectives in place that will be assessed. 6 Assessment Tools used for LBD Students To undertake a successful assessment exercise, it is important to have a collection mechanism in place. This mechanism with which assessment is conducted is referred to in the educational cycle as assessment tool. Broadly speaking, assessment tools can be classified as either teacher based or student based. Teacher based assessment tools focus on the teacher as the sole assessor. With teacher based assessment tool, the tools are kept and manipulated by the teacher in determining how best or worse the student is performing. Student based assessment tools on the other hand focus on students. Most of these assessment tools are kept by the student. They are used by the student to determine his or her performance. Teachers however have a lot of role to play with student based assessment. This is because the teacher acts as a facilitator, who directs the student on how to go about the implementation of the assessment tool. The teacher also ensures that the student uses the assessment tool correctly. Both teacher based and student based assessment tools are appropriate for LBD students. This is because with

Smart Corporate Marketing Objectives

Smart Corporate Marketing Objectives Marketing objectives should be based on understanding strengths and weaknesses, and the business environment you operate in. They should also be linked to the overall corporate strategy and So before you start marketing, set some objectives, SMART ones. What do I mean by SMART objectives? Well, its one of those business acronyms taught in all business and marketing qualifications, but unlike many others, this one is actually worth bothering with. Specific Your SMART objectives should be specific, detailed, well defined and results orientated. They should include exactly what has to be achieved and by who. Measurable Objectives are far more effective when they have a measure. For example to increase sales has little effect, but to increase sales by 25% gives you a specific measure to work to. This measure can then be evaluated and used to help form new SMART objectives in the future. Achievable Your SMART objectives must stretch you, but at the same time be achievable. There is no point in setting objectives that you wont be able to achieve for years, as you will soon lose motivation. Realistic Closely linked to achievable, realistic relates more to resources. Do you have the man-power, money, time and opportunity to achieve the SMART objectives? Is there something else that has to happen before you can make a start on that objective Timed Perhaps most importantly set deadlines for achieving your SMART objectives time frames are great at prompting action. It is worth noting that the marketing plan objectives should always lead to actual sales revenue. If not, you need to re-examine your marketing objectives and restate them so that they relate to sales results. In simple words marketing objectives should be: Clear and specific Tangible and measurable Be time-based, with a target achievement date Linking marketing objectives to corporate strategy Your marketing objectives should also be consistent with and indicate the priorities of the organization. This means that objectives should flow from the mission statement of your business, towards the financial objectives and to the rest of the marketing plan. A linked marketing objective could be to add pre-packaged garden soil as a new complementary product line to be offered with plant sales. To grow the business as per the strategic goal and meet the financial objective of 100,000 in extra sales, it has been calculated that a total of 7,500 bags will need to be sold at their selling price of  £100 each. ACTIONS REQUIRED TO ACHIVE MARKETING OBJECTIVES To run a business successfully, today, one must consider the need for publicity, an online presence, direct marketing, advertising, brand identity, word of mouth advertising, networking, viral marketing, pay-per-click advertising, search engine optimization, positioning, market segmentation, html email campaigns, experiential marketing, etc. Many of these activities are phase I functions that need to be considered and begun from day one of marketing. Here are 5 main factors to achieve the marketing objectives: Marketing should be broken into stages. Every marketing activity should be weighted by how well it addresses business objectives, then by investment and how fast it delivers return on investment. Also, the chronology is important. For example, it would be ineffective to run an html email campaign before developing and launching your web site. Time will be in short supply early on. Working with one marketing firm will help to streamline communication, reporting and execution. Start with publicity. If you are able to achieve some quality article placements in key media, you will be able to use that publicity in coming months/years and in other marketing vehicles to build brand awareness and credibility. Set reasonable expectations for response and return on specific marketing activities. Remember that your company is an unknown entity to your marketplace until you are able to begin building brand awareness and identity. This will take time. Dont change course from a marketing plan that isnt broken, simply because youre growing impatient in other aspects of your business. Be realistic about your budget. In business, you might or might not be able to invest in simultaneous, integrated initiatives. Likewise, if your budget needs to be amended, let your marketing team know. They will adjust the plan and schedule to meet that new reality. Detailed Review of plans and programs At this stage, you will need to review your overall marketing objectives into detailed plans and program. Although these detailed plans may cover each of the 7 Ps, the focus will vary, depending upon your organizations specific strategies. A company will focus for the 7 Ps around each of its products. A market or geographically oriented company will concentrate on each market or geographical area. Each will base its plans upon the detailed needs of its customers, and on the strategies chosen to satisfy these needs. These plans therefore are: Clear They should be an unambiguous statement of exactly what is to be done. Quantified The predicted outcome of each activity should be, as far as possible, quantified; so that its performance can be monitored. Focused The temptation to proliferate activities beyond the numbers which can be realistically controlled should be avoided. Realistic They should be achievable. Agreed Those who are to implement them should be committed to them, and agree that they are achievable. The resulting plans should become a working document which will guide the campaigns taking place throughout the organization over the period of the plan Measurement of Marketing objectives Continuous monitoring of performance, against predetermined targets, represents a most important aspect of marketing. However, perhaps even more important is the enforced discipline of a regular formal review. Again, as with forecasts, in many cases the best (most realistic) planning cycle will revolve around a quarterly review. Best of all, at least in terms of the quantifiable aspects of the plans, if not the wealth of backing detail, is probably a quarterly rolling review. Performance analysis The most important elements of marketing performance, which are normally tracked, are: Sales analysis Most organizations track their sales results and marketing .The more sophisticated track them in terms of sales variance the deviation from the target figures which allows a more immediate picture of deviations to become evident. `Micro-analysis, which is a nicely pseudo-scientific term for the normal management process of investigating detailed problems, then investigates the individual elements (individual products, sales territories, customers and so on) which are failing to meet targets. Market share analysis Few organizations track market share though it is often an important metric. Though absolute sales might grow in an expanding market, share of the market can decrease for future sales when the market starts to drop. Where such market share is tracked, there may be a number of aspects which will be followed: overall market share segment share that in the specific, targeted segment relative share -in relation to the market leaders annual fluctuation rate of market share Expense analysis The key ratio to watch in this area is usually the `marketing expense to sales ratio; although this may be broken down into other elements (advertising to sales, sales administration to sales, and so on). Financial analysis The bottom line of marketing activities should at least in theory, be the net profit (for all except non-profit organizations, where the comparable emphasis may be on remaining within budgeted costs).

Free College Admissions Essays: Emerson :: College Admissions Essays

Emerson When I received the criteria for this essay I knew that writing this would be a personal challenge to myself. My motivation and interest in being a journalist is so vast that I knew that I would have trouble squeezing it all into a mere 500 word essay. In addition, I would have to list my experience in journalism. During my high school years I have accumulated so much experience due to the responsibilities bestowed on me, that it would be hard to describe them all. As I entered my sophomore year of high school, our school district had just completed both the new high schools. This was necessary because of the overcrowding within our district. With the new high schools came a new school paper, and with a new paper came new opportunities. That first year was hard, but because of the gumption by my fellow journalists and I, we were able to have a successful inauguration year of The Voice. We received several awards that year for the quality of our paper, and as high school continued The Voice continued to mature with the staff. We learned to work together as a team and how to help each other with our articles. No single person stood out against the other, and no single article could be accredited to a single writer. We all had our own individual responsibilities, but we all stayed those long nights at the school until midnight or one, in order to ensure that our paper was the best it could be. During this time I was given many responsibilities. I was given the honor of being spirituality editor, copy editor, managing editor, in-depth editor, business editor, and co-news editor. I was privileged to be given these opportunities, and thankful to have such great supporting journalist to help make our paper, in my opinion, one of the best local high school papers. I embraced every new responsibility given to me in order to make myself the best journalist that I could be. My motivations for wanting to be a journalist are so deep rooted that I could not even begin to spe culate as to there beginnings. Ever since I was in elementary school I have had a desire to be a journalist. I do not believe it to be a genetic passion since there are no journalists in my family, I think it is just a drive for the truth that sparks my desire. Free College Admissions Essays: Emerson :: College Admissions Essays Emerson When I received the criteria for this essay I knew that writing this would be a personal challenge to myself. My motivation and interest in being a journalist is so vast that I knew that I would have trouble squeezing it all into a mere 500 word essay. In addition, I would have to list my experience in journalism. During my high school years I have accumulated so much experience due to the responsibilities bestowed on me, that it would be hard to describe them all. As I entered my sophomore year of high school, our school district had just completed both the new high schools. This was necessary because of the overcrowding within our district. With the new high schools came a new school paper, and with a new paper came new opportunities. That first year was hard, but because of the gumption by my fellow journalists and I, we were able to have a successful inauguration year of The Voice. We received several awards that year for the quality of our paper, and as high school continued The Voice continued to mature with the staff. We learned to work together as a team and how to help each other with our articles. No single person stood out against the other, and no single article could be accredited to a single writer. We all had our own individual responsibilities, but we all stayed those long nights at the school until midnight or one, in order to ensure that our paper was the best it could be. During this time I was given many responsibilities. I was given the honor of being spirituality editor, copy editor, managing editor, in-depth editor, business editor, and co-news editor. I was privileged to be given these opportunities, and thankful to have such great supporting journalist to help make our paper, in my opinion, one of the best local high school papers. I embraced every new responsibility given to me in order to make myself the best journalist that I could be. My motivations for wanting to be a journalist are so deep rooted that I could not even begin to spe culate as to there beginnings. Ever since I was in elementary school I have had a desire to be a journalist. I do not believe it to be a genetic passion since there are no journalists in my family, I think it is just a drive for the truth that sparks my desire.

Significance Study of Kanlda Port

S I G N I F I C A N C E O F S T U D Y O F K A N D L A P O R T 2. 1 R e s e a r c h P r o b l e ms Statement of the problem I have chosen this topic to study about economic pattern of Kandla & Non Major Ports with socio economic conditions and port development in Saurashtra and Kutch region. The study is mainly focused on various types of ports that are developed in the said region. This study highlights the problems during the development of ports and on other side gives suitable suggestions to improve their performance. 2. 2 O b j e c t i v e s o f R e s e a r c hTo study the income and expenditure statement of Kandla Port. To study how port facilitate foreign trade volume. To study about the cargo traffic of major and non major ports. To study the ports infrastructural development. To find out the income and expenditure pattern of Kandla port. To identify the benefits and problems of ports. To study future prospects and SEZ development of port. To give suggestions for the improveme nt of ports. 2. 3 A r e a o f R e s e a r c h – G u j a r a t , K a n d l a . Kandla port plays a major role in the country's international trade.Having notched up a string of success, it has emerged as a forerunner, and has carved a niche for itself, by its steady growth and economy of operations. The Port of Kandla was declared a major port in 1955. The Kandla Port Trust was created by law in 1963 to manage the new port. The Port of Kandla Special Economic Zone (KASEZ) was the first special economic zone to be established in India and in Asia. Established in 1965, the Port of Kandla SEZ is the biggest multiple-product SEZ in the country. Covering over 310 hectares, the special economic zone is just nine kilometers from the Port of Kandla.Today, the Port of Kandla is India's hub for exporting grains and importing oil. This self-sufficient port is one of the highest-earning ports in the country. Major imports entering the Port of Kandla are petroleum, chemicals, and iron and steel machinery, but it also handles salt, textiles, and grain. Figure 2 Kandla Port, a national port, is one of the eleven most important ports of India. This port is situated on Kandla stream. The first investigation of this stream was undertaken by the British Royal India Navy in 1851 and a detailed survey done in 1922.This port is developed by Joint project of Maharao Shree Khengarji-III and British Government in the 19th century. The Kandla port came into existence in the year 1931 with a single Peir construction. Later on with the loss of Karchi port to Pakistan during partition, after independence the government of India chose Kandla as an ideal sea outlet. Thus the Kandla Port was developed and since then Kandla port has played a pivotal role in enhancing country`s maritime trade. Standard dry cargo treatment capacity of Kandla Port is 24,000 metric tons per day.The port is under Ministry of Commerce and is managed by a Port Trust with a Chairman as its head. The Kandla Port Trust is run by a board of trustees. There is an administrator – representative of the ministry of Commerce – appointed for the management of a free trade zone known as the Kandla Free Trade Zone placed near the port where hundreds of small and international companies are also sited. Owing to fast progress of Kandla port close city like Gandhidham also developed faster. Kandla port plays a major role in the country`s international trade.Having notched up a string of success, it has emerged as a forerunner, and has carved a niche for itself, by its steady growth and economy of operations. Kandla port is well equipped with infrastructural. It has 10 berths, 6 oil jetties, 1 maintenance jetty, 1 dry dock and small jetties for small vessels, which can accommodate from large to small vessels. Near all these terminals and jetties there are storage facilities for cargo from containers to petroleum. The port is also outfitted with Sixteen Wharf cranes. Apart from this, the po rt also provides for additional facilities for international traders.Due to its strategic location it is the connecting hub for Northern, Western and Central India. Kandla also has the country`s only Free Trade Zone Kandla Port, the foundation stone for which was laid by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, has 1800 metres of dry cargo berths where in a straight line, ten ships could easily be accommodated. It has berths for a tanker also where chemicals, vegetable oil etc are handled. Kandla today has become the hub of India`s foodgrains and oil imports. Kandla is a self sufficient, self enhancing Port.It is also among the highest revenue earning Port of India. The Port is the nearest, most economical and most convenient for handling imports and exports of the highly productive granary and industrial belt stretching across Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Himachal Pardesh, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat. Kandla Port is the most economical major port in terms of tariff and operational expenditure. The efficiency and all requisite user facilities nevertheless confirm to international standards. The Port is up to date with the latest technological innovations.Happy labour-management relations and economical handling of heterogeneous cargo is considered the key element to the success of the Port of Kandla. The port has floated a global tender for a two-year capital dredging contract of 20 million cubic metre at an estimated cost of Rs 100 crore. Kandla Port attained new levels of performance in fiscal 2006-07, establishing a new record by handling a cargo volume of 52. 98 million tonnes, in the process entering into the select league of ports that have registered a throughput of 50 million tonnes or more.Excellent infrastructural facilities, well-connectivity with the rest of the country by road and rail networks, all-round services provided with efficiency and transparency, lowest port tariff and the envious cost-effectiveness are the major strengths of Kandla Port. LOCATION The Ma jor Port of Kandla, situated about 90 km off the mouth of Gulf of Kachchh in the Kandla Creek at Latitude 23 degree 1 minute North and Longitude 70 degree 13 minutes East, is the lone Major Port on the Gujarat coast line along the West Coast of the country.Amongst the 12 Major Ports in the country, Kandla occupies an enviable position, both in terms of international maritime trade tonnage handled and financial stability and self-sufficiency attained year after year. A gateway to the north-western part of India consisting of a vast hinterland of 1 million sq. km stretched throughout 9 states from Gujarat to Jammu & Kashmir, the Port has a unique locational advantage. The Port's hinterland is well connected with infrastructural network of metre gauge and broad gauge railway system as well as State and National Highways.HISTORICAL LEGACY: As a humble beginning in the year 1930 by the great visionary, the late Maharao Khengarji III of the princely State of Kachchh, for a deep-draught cl osed port in his kingdom, the Kandla Port on, with the loss of Karachi port to Pakistan during partition, independent India was deprived of a sea outlet in its North-West region. In order to offset this loss, the Indian government chose Kandla Port as an ideal sea outlet to be developed as a Major Port on the West Coast for arrying on the international maritime trade of the country and thus, Kandla Port was developed as a Major Port. Port of Kandla, since then, has been playing a pivotal role in the country's international maritime trade, contributing its mite for the growth and development of the national economy. The Port has grown and matured itself not only in age but also in creating infrastructural facilities in and around the Port, handling volumes of import and export trade year after year and attaining a very sound financial status ahead of a number of other Major Ports in the country.Thus, Kandla Port has been playing a pivotal role in the national economy and contributing a handsome amount of foreign exchange earnings to the national Exchequer every year. THE EVOLUTION Due to the loss of Karachi Port to Pakistan after independence, the onus of entire Indian trade was shifted to the Mumbai Port putting tremendous strain on its facilities.Under the inspirational and able guidance of the great visionary and the Iron Man of India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the Indian government on 17th February, 1948 constituted an Expert Committee known as the West Coast Major Port Development Committee to explore the possibilities of establishing a deep-sea port to cater to the vast hinterland comprising the north-western states of the country. The Committee submitted its report on the 30th April, 1948, recommending that a Major Port should be sited at Kandla.Accordingly, on January 20, 1952, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the then Prime Minister of India, laid the foundation stone at Kandla for the new port on the western coast of India. It was declared as a Major Port on April 8, 1955 by Late Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Union Minister for Transport. The Kandla Port Trust was constituted in 1964 under the Major Port Trusts Act, 1963. Since then, this Major Port of Kandla has come a long way in becoming the ‘Port of the New Millennium'. V I S I O N â€Å"To be Asia's Supreme Global Logistic Hub† M I S S I O N To transform the Port of Kandla into a most globally competitive logistics hub with nternational excellence leaving imprints in the international maritime arena by exploring its fathomless growth potentialities. S T R A T E G I C & C L I M A T I C A D V A N T A G E All-weather port. Tropical and dry climatic conditions to handle any type of cargo throughout the year Temperature varying from 25 degree Celsius to 44 degree Celsius. Scanty rainfall facilitates round-the-year operations. Uninterrupted and smooth port operations on 365 days a year. No adverse wave effect, being a protected and sheltered harbour situated in the Creek.The only Indian Major Port nearest to the Middle East and Europe. T H E P O R T L O G I S T I C S NAVIGATIONAL FACILITIES: Round-the-clock navigation. Permissible draught 12. 6 mtrs. Ships with 240 mtrs. length overall and 65,000 DWT are accommodated presently. Safe, protected and vast anchorage at outer harbour for waiting and lighterage purpose. 22 lighted navigational buoys with solar lights, as per IALA system, are provided in the navigational channel. Light house as an aid for night navigation. Fully equipped signal station operational round-the-clock. Four lighted shore beacons. STEEL FLOATING DRY DOCK:

8 mile film analysis Essay

The 2009 film, 8 Mile, parallels the true life story of multi-platinum artist, Eminem. Directed by Curtis Hanson, the film takes place in 1995, a time where hip-hop music was growing and Detroit, Michigan had hit an all time low. Eminem (formally referred to as Marshall Mathers) plays Jimmy, a wannabe rapper from the poor side of Detroit and stars like Brittany Murphy, Kim Basinger, and Mekhi Phifer all play key roles in the film. The film follows the lyrically talented Jimmy, also known as Rabbit by his friends, and his struggle to become a white rapper in a predominately black field. He also struggles with dealing with his alcoholic mother, poor social status, and his rival gang who call themselves â€Å"The Free World† (8 Mile, Wikipedia.com). The film effectively portrays the rap competition in Detroit and Jimmy’s fight to be on top. 8 Mile’s urban tale raises questions about stereotypes, class separation, and segregation, while gaining the viewers respect fo r hip-hop music and successfully developing characters and using real life matters to reproduce a true story. The film begins with Jimmy Smith (Eminem), a young and unhappy blue-collar worker from a poor family, struggling with different aspects of his life. He has moved back north of 8 Mile Road to the rundown trailer home in Detroit, Michigan of his alcoholic mother, Stephanie (Kim Basinger), his little sister Lily (Chloe Greenfield), and Stephanie’s abusive live-in boyfriend Greg (Michael Shannon). Jimmy is focused on getting his music career started, but he seems unable to catch a break. Jimmy comes to realize that his life has remained largely the same since he graduated high school. (â€Å"8 Mile†, rottentomatoes.com) At first, he considers himself a victim of his circumstances and blames others for his problems. Over time, though, Jimmy begins to take more responsibility for the direction of his life. His newly established relationship with Alex (played by Brittany Murphy) ends when Jimmy walks in on his friend Wink (Eugene Byrd) having sex with her. Jimmy beats up Wink, which later causes Wink to join forces with Jimmy’s enemies, a gang of rappers known as the Leaders of the Free World. Later, Wink and the Free World gang jump him outside of his mother’s trailer, but when one member pulls a gun on Jimmy, Wink stops him and they leave. Jimmy’s friends have hailed him throughout the film as an incredible rapper, and his friend Future (Mekhi Phifer) puts pressure on Jimmy to get his revenge by competing against the Leaders of the Free World at the next rap battle. (â€Å"8 Mile†, wikipedia.com) The battle acts as a â€Å"final conflict† with the Leaders of the Free World gang who have harassed Jimmy throughout the film. It has three rounds, and in each of them Jimmy confronts a member of the gang. Jimmy wins both of the first two rounds and in the last round, he is paired against Papa Doc (Anthony Mackie), the tournament’s most feared battler and Jimmy’s main antagonist throughout the film. Jimmy is aware that Doc knows all his weak points, so he decides to address them with his freestyle. Jimmy acknowledges without shame his lower-class white trash roots and the humiliations the Free World gang have inflicted on him, and then uses the difficult life he has had as basis to reveal the truth about Papa Doc. With little to say in rebuttal, Papa Doc gives the microphone back to Future and Jimmy wins the battle. As Jimmy leaves the venue, Future suggests that he stay and celebrate his victory while also offering a position that would allow him to host battles at The Shelter. Jimmy turns him down, claiming he has to get back to work and to find success his own way. He then starts walking back to work, feeling more confident about his future. (â€Å"8 Mile†, wikipedia.com) The movie is titled after a main street in Michigan, 8 Mile road. 8 Mile Road has carried major cultural significance; it has served as a physical and cultural dividing line between the wealthier, predominantly white northern suburbs of Detroit and the poorer, predominantly black city (â€Å"Michiga n highway†). The road plays a major part in the film and is the reason for the two different rap crews. One rap group, â€Å"Three One-Third† is the one that Jimmy and his friends, Dr. Iz, Cheddar Bob, Future and Sol are a part of. Their group name is a representation of the slums they live in, with their area code being 313. Most of them are black, have old cars and live in run down homes. Jimmy lives in a trailer park with his alcoholic mother, and is often stereotyped as â€Å"white trash†. Throughout the movie the characters reference the road to one another aware of its cultural meaning. Jimmy raps about it repeating in one of his freestyles, repeating, â€Å"Everybody from the 313 put your motherf***ing hands up and follow me† (â€Å"The 10 Most Memorable Rap Lines From ‘8 Mile†) He also raps; â€Å"I’m gonna turn around with a great smile, and walk my white ass back across 8 Mile† (â€Å"8 mile lyrics†). The Free World, the second group in the film, lives on the northern side of 8 Mile. They are part of a middle class Detroit and their crew includes Papa Doc, Wink, Lyckity Splyt, and Lotto. They own guns, dress better, and have more control over the Detroit area due to their higher social status. They have the upper hand in the hip-hop â€Å"game† and are convinced they have the better connections and are gonna make it before Rabbit does. Papa Doc even owns an Escalade in which they all pull up in when going to beat up Rabbit, proving they are the antagonist in the film. 8 Mile is not only the title of the film but also the racial boundary that sets imaginary lines in class separation in the movie and in Detroit today. The notorious road is not the only racial dispute in the film. Rabbit struggles multiple times throughout the movie simply because he is white. In the opening scene, you see Rabbit in a club bathroom preparing to rap battle. As he leaves the bathroom he passes the bouncer to proceed backstage. He quickly gets stopped by the bouncer and the large black man asks â€Å"Where the hell do you think you’re going?† Rabbit looks startled and begins to argue, claiming that the bouncer had just seen him leave to go the bathroom. When the bouncer replies, â€Å"I didn’t see nothin’† Rabbit gets worked up and screams â€Å"Man, you just fuckin’ seen me! I just went to the bathroom!† He continues to fight with the bouncer and is not let in until his black friend, Future, who is respected in the Detroit area, grabs him and lets the bouncer know that â€Å"he’s cool†. (â€Å"8 mile†, imbd.com) When Rabbit goes to rap, the camera focuses on him, then on the crowd where viewers take a mental note of the all black mob he is about to rap to. When the camera focuses back Rabbit, he looks nervous, chokes and walks off stage. This scene really portrays how difficult it is for Rabbit to overcome his disadvantage of being white in, what it seems to be, an all black competition. The opening scene makes Rabbit seem like a scared white boy, fearful of the judgement of the blacks, but as the movie continues, Rabbits character grows and becomes less afraid. Not only do you see Rab bit becoming less fearful, but he also reveals his soft spot for children. After Rabbit flees from the rap battle, he goes back  to live with his mother since he recently broke up with his girlfriend whom he lived with. Once he meets his mother’s new boyfriend, they get into a verbal argument where Jimmy throws a beer bottle at him. The argument wakes up Jimmy’s little sister, Lily. Once Lily comes out, even the tone of Rabbit’s voice changes. He becomes higher pitched and looks at her with a softness in his eyes, and when requested to sing her to sleep, he does so, singing to her a song he comes up with on the spot. This scene illustrates the complexity of Jimmy’s character and shows that he is more than just a ‘white trash rapper’. Another key moment in the film that shows Rabbit growing as a person is a work scene. When Rabbit’s car breaks down, he’s late to work and upon questioning, Rabbit quickly says its not his fault. A few scenes later, when another on the job dispute happens, he stops himself from saying that it wasn’t his fault and assures his boss that it won’t happen again. The audience can realize that Rabbit is maturing and taking responsibility for his actions. Another intricate character is Rabbit’s friend, Dr. Iz. Although his do-rag and large clothing say otherwise, he is a complex character who often looks deeply into things. He says when looking around the city, â€Å"Man, do you know how many abandoned buildings we have in Detroit? I mean, how are you supposed to take pride in your neighborhood with shit like that next door? And does the city tear them down? No, they too busy building casinos and taking money from the people.† When his friends make it clear that they don’t care he says, â€Å"Did you care when that crackhead raped that little girl? You think that woulda’ happened if he didn’t have an abandoned house to take her to (â€Å"8 Mile Quotes†)?†. He convinces Rabbit to help them burn down the building by evoking feelings of sympathy and saying â€Å"It could have been Lily†. Jimmy’s quick urge to help shows the compassion that Jimmy has for his sister and how Dr. Iz and the friends who helped burn the house down believe in what’s right, have morals, and wanted to erase the memory of a helpless girl getting raped. The actors in the film act tremendously well. Eminems portrayal of Jimmy was simple for him to perform considering the character is based on himself. Although the raps are scripted, Eminem delivers them with such strength. The veins in his arm pop out as he raps and his eyes bulge out of his head, truly showing his passion for rap music. The way Kim Basinger takes the role  as an alcohol dependent and emotionally unstable is brilliant. She carries out her lines with a shaky, uncertain undertone that truly brings out how emotionally unsure she is. Brittany Murphy plays a seductive and sassy young adult seeking to be a model. She administers her lines with her head slightly down and her big eyes looking up. She shakes her head often and almost seems to be on drugs, but it works for her character. Overall, I think the acting was well done, but not too impressive considering the roles they played weren’t impossibly hard. The music choice in this film is another aspect to take note of. The song opens up with â€Å"The Shook Ones† by Mobb Deep. The famous line in the song, â€Å"Cause ain’t no such thing as a halfway crook† is played while Jimmy gets ready to rap, and in his final freestyle that line is used again, but by Jimmy this time. Whenever you see Jimmy coming up with lyrics, the instrumental beat comes on and only the words that he is rhyming are heard. While he is in the car with his friends, Biggie Small’s â€Å"Juicy† is playing. The song is an iconic tune that comes to mind when one thinks about rap music. I also believe it is foreshadowing that like Biggie, Jimmy will also become a legend in the hip-hop industry. When Rabbit is getting beat up by The Free World members, the song â€Å"Gang Stories† by South Central Cartel is playing which has a specific line â€Å"don’t be another sucker on my hit list† and Jimmy was definitely on th e Free World’s hit list. The music in the movie really adds on the the hip hop, gangster vibe of the film, and enhances its effectiveness to show what 1995 Detroit was like. Although the movie reviewing website, Rottentomatoes.com only rated the movie a 6.7/10, I would rate the film a 10. I believe that the actors were very into their characters and all of their roles were extremely believable. The scenery is not staged and was actually filmed right on 8 Mile, furthering the movies credibility. I also believe the music choice magnifies the movie’s energy. The film rids itself of subplots and complexities, making it a light film to watch, even though its urban and inner city settings weigh it down. I think people who rate it any lower than a seven out of ten lack an ability to see the artistic side of the film and expect it to be grander, when in reality the movie was not created with intent to  be criticized, or make millions. (â€Å"8 mile† chicagoreader.com). Rather, the film was created to give viewers a deeper insight into what Grammy award winning rapper, Eminem, had to overcome to become the amazing artist he is now and although som e may not have received a deeper understanding of the life of a wannabe rapper, I certainly did. Works Cited â€Å"8 Mile.† IMDb. IMDb.com, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. â€Å"8 Mile (2002).† 8 Mile. N.p., 16 Feb. 2002. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. . â€Å"8 Mile (film).† Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 29 Jan. 2014. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. . â€Å"8 Mile .† Chicago Reader. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. . â€Å"8 mile lyrics.† IMDb. IMDb.com, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. . â€Å"Eminem.† Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 29 Jan. 2014. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. . â€Å"Full Cast & Crew.† IMDb. IMDb.com, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. . â€Å"8 Mile Quotes.† Quotefully – Browse Your Favorite TV Show and Movie Quotes.† Quotefully – Browse Your Favorite TV Show and Movie Quotes. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. . â€Å"The 10 Most Memorable Rap Lines From ‘8 Mile’.† Vibe. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. .

Bonnie and Clyde Research-Based Analysis essays

Bonnie and Clyde Research-Based Analysis essays The 1930's were a time of hope, disparity, and vulnerability in America. One of the most substantial events to occur during this time period was the Great Depression. Because of the depression, money was limited and people did what they could to maintain happy lifestyles. Movies became popular, young people danced to the big bands, and group gatherings around radios were something to look forward to. The 1930's has also been considered as an era pertaining to its recognition of crime and presence of gangsters. Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow were notorious gangsters during this time. Beginning in 1932, the rebellious couple began a 21-month crime spree while traveling throughout the Southwest and Midwest. Within this time, Bonnie and Clyde robbed small-town businesses, stole cars, murdered more than ten people, and participated in numerous shoot-outs with the police. On May 23, 1934, the two gangsters were shot and killed during an ambush with police in Louisiana. Although th e duos corrupt exploit was short-lived, they achieved celebrity-like fame through their publicized image in the media. The public was able to document the adventures of Bonnie and Clyde through photos that were broadcast, which usually consisted of the outlaws posing scandalously with weapons and other lewd props. Analyzing photos of Bonnie and Clyde initially represents how they desired to be perceived; however, a closer look reveals that their aspiration for individuality actually exemplifies how the media is capable of implementing diverse influences on people in society. As a result, Bonnie and Clydes popularity produced by the media demonstrates that their underlying significance during the 1930's nullifies the identity that they are typically familiarized by. The 1930's was a decade that witnessed a rise of gangsters and the plummet of the economy, which brought the Great Depression. What was formerly the land of hope and opportun...

Infant Toddler Development Essays

Infant Toddler Development Essays Infant Toddler Development Paper Infant Toddler Development Paper 1 Definition of infancy period between birth and 12-18 months, when baby begins to talk 1 Definition of toddler infants between 18 and 36 months 1 Maturationist believes babies develop acc. To genes 1 empiricists believe babies develop based on experience (Lockes tabla rasa) 1 nativist believe babies come equipped with inborn feelings, ideas, traits 1 transactional perspective nature AND nurture believes babies develop based both on biology and social interactions 1 cephalocaudal perspective development proceeds from head to foot 1 proximodistal principle development proceeds from center of body to outer extremeties 1 Six categories of Child Development Theories 1) Nativistic/maturational 2) Behavioral 3) Psychoanalytic 4) Cognitive 5) Social contextual 6) Developmental systems theories 1 Methods of studying infants 1) Habituation-Dishabituation/Novelty, 2) Visual Preference Technique 3) Violation of Expectation Method 4) Physiological Repsonses 5) Facial Expressions 6) Parent Reports 7)Nonnutritive Sucking 1 Developmental Assessment Instruments Denver II, Hawaii Early Learning Profile (HELP) 2 Order of stages of an infant (names of the cell clusters) zygote,morula, blastocyst, embryo, fetus 2 Percentage of pregnancies that result in miscarriage, and when 50% of pregnancies, usually within the 1st 3 weeks 2 Length of prenatal period 266 days or 38 weeks 2 gestational age from 1st day of last menstrual period (280 days, or 40 weeks) 2 zygote newly fertilized egg. 2 where does the zygote travel? it gets fertilized in the fallopian tubes and travels in the tubes towards the uterus 2 within 36 hours, the zygote does this it divides into 2 cells within 36 hours of fertilization 2 morula what the zygote becomes after dividing into 12-16 cells, knobby looking 2 blastocyst how many days old? four days old, 58 cells 2 What does the blastocyst do during its existence? it floats free in the uterus 2-3 days, then on 6th day attaches to lining of uterus. Enzymes break down cells to help it attach. Enzymes stop on 10th day. 13th or 14th day, implantation has healed over in scarlike cyst. 2 percentage of ertilized ova that fail to attach to uterus 30-50% of ova fail to do this 2 placental previa blastocyst implants in extreme lower region of uterus, DANGEROUS 2 cervical pregnancy blastocyst implants in cervix; usu. Results in spontaneous abortion 2 ectopic pregnancy blastocyst implants outside the uterus; usu. Causes excessive bleeding and spontaneous abortion 2 embryo define, and how old? when blasocyst has developed cells called embryonic disk, it becomes an embryo (around 14th day) 2 embryonic disk group of cells inside blastocyst (now an embryo) that composes the beginning of major structures of the body 2 gastrulation development of the body form, beginning with the formation of 3 germ layers 2 germ layers how many and why? 3 germ layers, form through gastrulation, will become major body structures (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm) 2 ectoderm germ layer in embryo that will form nervous system, backbone, skin, hair, nails, parts of eyes and ears 2 endoderm germ layer in embryo that will form digestive tract, respiratory system, liver, glands 2 mesoderm germ layer in embryo that will form circulatory, excretory, and reproductive systems, skeleton, muscles, connecting tissues 2 chorion outer layer of the embryo, around 3 weeks; one side attached to uterus, and later develops into placenta; other side has cavity that will form the amniotic sac 2 placenta develops from chorion, it is the link between mother and child, exchanges all nutrients, waste products, oxygen, hormones, etc. 2 umbilical cord how long and thick? links uterus to embryo; at full term, is 1/2 to 3/4 inches thick and 20-24 inches long 2 How often is fluid in amnotic sac replaced? the fluid is changed every 3 hours through the placenta 2 secondary yolk sac (first yolk sac disappears) this one transfers nutrients to embryo before placental connection is made 2 neurulation ectoderm folds over to make neural tube; nervous system begins to develop 2 primitive spinal cord is formed when? by 9th or 10th week 2 what do neurons do, and until when? they migrate until the 28th week 2 what is th most critical period for brain development? between the 3rd and 16th week is most critical 2 when will the embryos tail disappear? it disappears around the 8th week 2 when does the embryo has facial features? by 6 weeks 2 somites the foundations of skeleton, appear as tiny buds around 8th week 2 when do teeth start forming? they start forming around the 12th prenatal week 2 when do kidneys and urinary tract develop they develop by aound the 4th and 5th weeks 2 when does heart begin to flutter? it begins to flutter around the 3rd week (21st day) 2 fetus when do we start calling it this? we start calling it this name around the 9th week (end of 8th) 2 What is the length of the fetal period? (what to what week? this period is 9-20 prenatal weeks 2 vernix caseosa and lanugo what are they, and during what prenatal period do they appear? one is a waxy cheeselike covering of the skin and the other is downlike hairs; during fetal period, around 17-20 weeks 2 Klinefelter Syndrome a chromosomal abnormality; male child is born with two X chromosomes, and one Y; males later develop breasts, small testes, sparse pubic and facial hair, low IQ 2 Turner syndrome a chromosomal abnormality; infant has only 1 X chromosome; delayed growth, webbed neck, ovaries do not function, normal intelligence, visual-perceptial problems 2 cri du chat syndrome a chromosomal abnormality; unusual facial features, reduced head and brain size, heart disease, severe mental disabilities 2 Huntingtons chorea a single gene disorder; a progressive degeneration of the nervous system 2 single gene disorder examples examples include dwarfism, glaucoma, Huntingtons chorea, PKU (phenylketonuria; cant digest amino acids in milk), cycstic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia 2 what is the most common form of prenatal assessment (maternal blood tests, ultrasound, or amniocentesis)? ultrasound is the most common form of this 3 What parecentage of babies are born within 2 weeks of their due date (280 days gestation)? 95% of babies are born at this time 3 What percentage of babies are born in the head-first position? 96% of babies are born in this position 3 what is breech position? this is when baby is born with butt, feet, or knees first 3 what is frank breech position? when baby is born butt first, feet extended straight up past ears 3 What is the most difficult phase of delivery called? The transition phase (contractions are very close together and very strong) 3 How wide is a fully dilated cervix? 8 inches (normally it is the width of a pencil) 3 What is the Leboyer method? it involves controlling te birth environment (warm, quiet room, dim lights, gently handled baby, massaged on mothers belly, baby put in warm water) 3 couvade fathers in the northwest Amazon hold magical beliefs about childbirth, mimic symptoms and delivery 3 neonatal period/infancy length? usu. 2 weeks, or up to 4-6 weeks 3 meconium black, semisolid poo of newborn 3 Name the 6 states of arousal (Wolff 1966) 1) Regular sleep/quiet sleep (non REM) 2)Irregular sleep/active sleep (REM) 3)Drowsiness 4)Alert inactivity (quiet alert) 5) Waking activity (bursts of vigorous movement) 6) Crying 3 Regular sleep is also called: quiet sleep 3 Irregular sleep is also called: active sleep 3 Alert inactivity is also called quiet alert 3 What are the 3 leading causes of infant death in the first year? Congenital abnormalities, prematurity/low birthweight, SIDS 3 What is low birth weight? (under what weight?) under 5 1/2 lbs 3 What is considered full-term birth? (between what weeks?) between 37 and 42 weeks 3 respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) the most common cause of death of pre-term infants; babies have incomplete lungs and not enough surfectant 3 What does APGAR stand for? Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiratory Effort 4 What is HGH and why is it important? It is Human Growth Hormone and it is important for growth after the baby is born. Growth may be stunted if deficient (GHD = Growth hormone deficiency) 4 By what month is babys growth doubled (after birth)? Babys weight doubles by 4 or 5 months 4 When is babys weight tripled? It triples by 1 year 4 What is the average birthweight (females, males)? Females average 7 1/2 lbs, males 7 3/4 lbs 4 What is average birth length? (females, males) females average 19 1/2 inches, males 19 3/4 inches 4 BMI how do you calculate it for babies? BMI = pounds divided by inches divided by inches x 703 (average BMI for 3 year old is 15.7) 4 Fontanels wide sections of cartilage that hold together the eight pieces of bone on the infants skull; AKA soft spots 4 When do teeth start to come in? (roughly) normally around 8 months, sometimes earlier =-) 4 When does baby have all 20 teeth cut? around 30-36 months 4 At birth, what percentage has brain grown to? brain is around 25% of full size at birth 4 at 6 months, babys brain is what percentage of full size? at 6 months, babys brain is 50% of adult weight 4 At what prenatal week does baby have a complete set of neurons? at the 20th week, baby has the full 80 million 5 When are babys immunities from mom mostly gone? They are gone by 6-12 months of age 5 otitis media middle ear infection 85% of kids in U.S. have one before age 3 5 what may be a cause of colic? possibly allergic reaction to protein in formula or allergens in breast milk; OR maybe IBS or reflux 5 What is the chance of mother infecting baby with AIDS/HIV? the chance of mother-baby infection is 20-25% 5 What is the leading cause of death for infants ages 6-12 months of age? maltreatment is the leading cause of death in this age group 5 What are the 2 most common forms of maltreatment of babies? the two most common forms are neglect and physical abuse 5 What are the top 3 causes of unintentional infant death? 1) Motor vehicle 2) drowning 3) fires/burns 5 Can AIDS be transmitted through breast milk? Yes, it can be transmitted 5 What age do Americans typically wean their babies? around 1 year (67%) 5 Kwashiorkor malnutrition caused by lack of protein; results in swollen belly, little muscle tissue, loss of hair, lethargy 5 Marasmus malnutrition caused by lack of calories (essentially, starvation); can cause chronic diarrhea, vomiting, irritability, apathy 6 maturation theory theory that children can be taught early, but others who are not taught will catch up easily due to maturation 6 dynamic systems approach a theory that compromises between maturation theory and learning; body systems must work together for baby to accomplish tasks (i.e. walking) 6 Moro reflex baby stretches arms out and brings together in hugging motion, in response to sudden noise or drop (disappears by 3 or 4 months 6 Babinski reflex big toe goes up while other toes go down, in response to tickle on bottom of foot (12-16 months) 6 tonic neck reflex reflex where one side of body is dominant, one arm and leg are extended in direction of which way head is facing (fades out 4th month) 6 stepping reflex rhythmic steps when feet touch flat surface (gone by 5 months) 6 Reflex must disappear before†¦ †¦before voluntary motor movement can be established 6 Two stages of Fine Motor Development 1) prereaching (swatting for things in visual field) 2) Visually Directed reaching (locate item with eyes first) 6 prehension grasping object between fingers and thumb 6 when does baby learn to use thumb for grasping? around 9 months 6 when can baby sit up alone? (roughly) around 6-7 months 6 when do average infants begin to crawl? around 7 months 6 when do babies creep? around 9 months 6 when do babies walk? around 12 months 6 when do babies stand? around 8-10 months 6 cruising walking sideways, using furniture to hold oneself up 6 when do babies run? around 18 months 6 what scale is used to measure motor movement? Bayley Scales of Infant Development II 7 can babies feel pain? of course!! More stress when given less anesthesia 7 haptic perception rubbing hands on surface of objects 7 what is the least-developed sense at birth? (hearing, smelling†¦ etc) vision is the least developed sense 7 when can babies see color about as well as adults? around 3 months, babies can see color as well 7 which do babies prefer more? Faces or patterns? they prefer faces more 7 when can babies discriminate between one or two objects from three (counting)? around 4-5 months 8 what are the two best predictors of IQ and language development later in life? home-environment quality and parent-infant interactions are the best predictors 8 Piagets theory believes that intelligence develops through what two kinds of influences? he believed it develops based on interaction between genetic and environmental (external) influences 8 scheme a basic pattern of action, thought, or knowledge 8 adaptation what is it the key to, according to? making changes in thought and actions to fit into new situations; Piaget believed it is the key to intellectual functioning 8 assimilation making the environment fit YOU 8 What two processes make up adaptation? Assimilation and accommodation 8 Accomodation making yourself fit the environment 8 what are Piagets basic stages? sensorimotor, preoperational thought, concrete operations, formal operations 8 sensorimotor period (age, how many stages) birth to 2 years, six stages 1)Exercising Reflex schemes, 2)primary circular reactions 3)secondary circular reactions 4) coordination of secondary circular reactions 5) Teritary Circular reactions 6)Invention of new Means through Mental Combinations 8 Acc. To Piaget, thought arises from†¦ †¦arises from action 8 Stage 1 Sensorimotor (name, age, char) Exercising reflex schemes (Birth-1 month) sucking, looking, crying. Goal is to become efficient at reflexes to satisfy nutritive needs 8 Stage2 Sensorimotor (name, age, char) Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months) primary = centered in babies own body. Circular reaction: response that stimulates its own repetition (i.e. thumb sucking). Understands order of events (put in position to nurse, followed by nursing) basis for concept of time 8 Stage 3 Sensorimotor Secondary Circular reactions (4-8 months) secondary = based on events or objects outside the body, ie. kicking a mobile stimulates repetition of kicking, object permanence emerges 8 Stage 4 Sensorimotor Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions (8-12 months) schemes are flexible, can be generalized to more situations. Babies can solve simple problems or obstacles. Cause and Effect emerges. (i.e. moving pillow to get box) true imitation emerges (imitate actions they cant see themselves perform i.e. wrinkle nose 8 Stage 5 Sensorimotor Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months) baby deliberately varies repetitive activities to produce new results. (curiosity and creativity) cause and effect is extended to other people. Babies seek to understand functions and properties of objects (i.e. weight) object permanence improves 8 Stage 6 Sensorimotor Invention of New Means Through Mental Combinations (18-24 months) ability to represent objects using mental images emerges. Invents solutions using mental schemes. 8 Vygotsky believed that these two things are critical factors in intellectual development: environment and social interactions 8 Vygotsky also believed this was central to shaping mental functioning: language 8 Sensorimotor play play through body movements that provide sensory pleasure; i.e. kicking, sucking, shaking, banging 8 double substitution the most sophisticated form of pretend (symbolic) play ie. stick is a doll (1) and bottle cap is cup the doll drinks from (2) 8 scaffolding (and who termed it?) Vygotsky termed it) tutoring, encouraging 9 When does private speech appear? around 30 months (2 1/2- 3 years) 9 phonology the sound features of speech and rules for their combination 9 phoneme basic, distinctive sounds used to form language 9 morphology the way sounds are combined to form words and other units of meaning 9 semantics the definitions of words and relations to other words (context) 9 Syntax the way words are combined to form sentences 9 pragmatics the practical functions of language and ways it is used to communicate 9 When does babbling emerge? 6 months 9 When does echolalia emerge? 9 months 9 when does first word emerge? 12 months 9 canonical babbling well-formed vowel and consonant combos, around 10 months (da da) 9 morpheme unit of meaning (ie. in choirboy, the words choir and boy are morphemes; also opened is open and ed) 9 age when vocabulary starts multiplying a lot: 18 -21 months (gain of 100 words) 9 word comprehension begins at age†¦ at 9-10 months (meaning of words like no) 9 age when babies start to put sentences together (2 words) 18 months 9 holophrases single words that are intended to mean a whole sentence (like ball means bring me the ball 9 two-word utterances what pattern do they follow? subject-verb Daddy eat! (not Eat Daddy!) 9 Three-word sentences appear at†¦ 2 to 2 1/2 years 9 Seven language functions: (Halliday) 1) Instrumental (I want) 2)Regulatory (do as I tell you) 3) Interactional (me and you) 4) Personal (Here I come) 5) Heuristic (exploring the environment) 6) Imaginative (Lets pretend) 7) Informative (Ive got something to tell you) 9 when do babies start the 7th funciton of language (informative) around 22 months 9 when does pointing gesture appear? 9-14 months 9 when do babies look at objects other people point to? 1 year 9 crib talk begins when? around 2-3 years 9 motherese special language mothers use to talk to their babies; baby talk (higher pitch, short, simplified words, slower pace, whispering, restriciton of topics to childs world 9 idioglossia private twin language, consisting of jargon and gestures 10 Freuds oral stage what ages, what bx? ages birth to 18 mo., baby must receive gratification throguh mouth (ie. sucking, feeding) or he/she will stay orally fixated 10 Freuds anal stage what ages, what bx? ages 18 mo. To 3 years; Baby must have a positive toilet training experience or he/she will remain anally fixated 10 Eriksons Trust Versus Mistrust ages? Char? ages Birth to 18 mo., baby must feel that the world is to be trusted, requires consistency and continuity, or baby will have difficulty separating from mother and have emotional problems later in life 10 Eriksons Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt 18 mo. To 3 years; baby must explore environment on its own, must establish bowel control (like Freuds anal stage); parents should not be overpermissive or overrestrictive. If child feels incompetent or insecure, they cannot progress to next stage 10 What is required to advance through Eriksons stages? each stage represents a conflict; conflict must be resolved before personality can proceed smoothly to the next stage. 10 What are the 9 dimensions of personality? 1) Activity level 2)Rhythmicity (regularity of schedule, eating, sleeping) 3) Approach or withdrawal (to people, food) 4) Adaptability (to change) 5) Sensory threshold (level of stimulation to elicit a response) 6) Intensity of response 7) Quality of mood 8) Distractibility 9) Persistence of attention span 10 65% of babies fall into one of three categories of child: 1) Easy Child (regular schedule, positive mood, easy to comfort, 40% of babies) 2) Difficult Child (irregular body functions and routines, cry a lot, not adaptable (10% of babies) 3) Slow-to-Warm-Up Child (mild intensity of reactions, not easily adaptable, mild negative responses, eventually makes appropriate adjustments, and displays quiet interest and enjoyment, 15 % of babies) 10 goodness-of-fit when child and caregiver match each other in personality 10 self-recognition (in mirror) when does this begin? starting around 15-18 months 10 by this age, babies can distinguish between picture of themselves and picture of another baby around 2 years 10 verbal self when baby can refer to him/herself with verbal labels (I, me, my) 10 when do babies first use verbal self labels? (I, me, my) around 20-22 months (I is usu. First) 10 When do babies start using self-descriptive statements (like I play)? around 2 years 10 perceived personal effectance infants learn the extent to which they can control their world; a 1-year-old is less afraid of a scary toy when they can control the toy 10 theory of mind 1) others have thoughts and beliefs that may be different from mine 2) understand that others sometimes have false beliefs (like when playing hide-and-seek, mommy may think you are in the closet when youre not) 11 7 abilities of Social Competence 1) getting, holding adults attention 2) Expressing affection and annoyance appropriately 3) Using an adult as resource when task is too difficult 4) Showing pride of personal accomplishments 5) Engaging in role-play/make-believe 6) Leading and following peers 7) Competing with peers 11 First social smile appears when? 2-3 months 11 social laughter appears when? 3-4 months 11 Notices/interacts with peers when? 3-6 months 11 Plays peek-a-boo when? 5-8 months 11 shy with strangers when? 8-10 months, peaks at 12 months 11 endogenous smile triggered by changes of arousal in nervous system; not socially produced 11 exogenous smile triggered by stimuli outside of body, changes in nervous system produced by others, ie. babytalk or blowing on tummy 11 Whaleys 5 stages of adult-infant play 1) Complementary/Reciprocal Social Play (face-to-face, smiles, sounds, adult as object) 2) Complementary/Reciprocal Play with Manual Awareness (focus of play is object provided by adult) 3) Simple Social/Simple Object Play (7-13 months infant locates own objects, playthings, parallel play with peers 4) Object Play wtih Mutual Regard (13-18 months infant attends to objects and adults at the same time thru games, conversations) 5) Simple Parallel Play (18-24 months, toddler plays independently with adults and peers nearby) 11 Uzgiris and Raeffs 3 types of infant-adult play 1) Interpersonal Play 2) Object Play 3) Symbolic Play 11 Interpersonal Play face-to-face interactions, social games, routines; peek-a-boo; imitaiton 11 Object Play parents are the audience and facilitators to infant playing with toy or object 11 Symbolic Play i.e. a block becomes a hammer, 1-2 years old infants will engage in joint episodes of symbolic play. Older kids will do it more independently 11 Earliest peer interactions infants notice other babies when? around 2 months 11 infant reaches toward other infants when? 3 months 11 infants vocalize and smile at other infants when? 6 months 11 Infants make physical contact when? around 1 year, exploring eyes, mouths, ears 11 Negative behaviors increase between what ages? between 1-2 years 11 By 2 years of age, toddler interactions are characterized by more: repetitive, reciprocal, cooperative patterns 11 Playmate preferences appear by: 18 months 11 By this age, most toddlers perfer same-sex peers as playmates 2 years 11 Between these ages, toddler find amusement in forbidden behaviors and share in laughter of others in challenge to adult authority: ages 14-24 months 11 moral development internalizing the rules and principles of human behavior 11 the moral dilemma experiment involving a hurt peer and bandages on a forbidden shelf showed: most children struggled with the dilemma but found a way to achieve a positive outcome 11 Prosocial behaviors, examples positive, socially desirable activities; ie. sharing, nuturing, helping, cooperation 11 Sharing behavior begins around age 1 (and declines afterwards, becoming more individualized 11 Children become more obedient between ages 1-3 years 11 by this age, most toddlers have adopted much of their cultures sex-typed division of activities and attributes by age 3 12 socialization of emotions infants emotions are influenced by the responses of parents and other caregivers 12 Mothers give a greater variety of emotional responses to (boys or girls?) girls 12 at what age to infants display anger? 4-7 months 12 at what age do infants display fear/wariness? 4-9 months 12 at what age do infants display rage? 7-18 months 12 display affection/love? 18-36 months 12 display empathy/symapthy? 18-36 months 12 display embarrassment? 24-36 months 12 display guilt, pride, shame? 24-36 months 12 when does stranger anxiety peak? 12 months 12 stranger anxiety declines after 1 year, then peaks again between ages: 18-24 months 12 separation anxiety begins at†¦ and peaks at†¦ begins at 8-9 months, peaks at 12 months 12 empathy may also correspond with infants achievement of: self-recognition (concept of self and others) 12 social referencing baby looks to adult to decide how to react in uncertain situations if mom smiles at a strange toy, baby is more willing to explore the toy 12 at this age, most babies can point to pictures of happy and sad faces by age 2 12 securely attached def and percentage? 66 % explored while mother was there, reacted positively to stranger, distressed when mother left, was easily comforted and resumed play when mom returned 12 avoidant attachment 12 % did not protest when separated from mother, avoided or ignored mother when she came back 12 ambivalent attachment 22 % very upset when mothers left room, ran to mothers when reunited, but was clinging and resistant (kicking and pushing away) 12 disorganized-disoriented attachment screaming for parent upon separation, moving silently away when parent returns, freezing all movement, approaching parent with head averted, stereotypies like rocking on hands and knees (their mothers often have early psychological trauma and loss) 13 Effects of divorce on children under age 2: less basic trust, more guilt and shame, less industry, more feelings of inferiority; more behavior problems in preschool 13 Effects of Father absence children score lower on cognitive tests, educational achievement is negatively affected 13 Percentages of children cared for by: parent, relative, daycare, non-relative family childcare parent 27%, relative 27%, daycare 22%, non-relative family childcare 17% 13 Six characteristics of home environment likely to foster early development: 1) Emotional and verbal responsivity of mother 2) Avoidance of restriction and punishment 3) Organization of physical env. And schedule 4) Provisions of appropriate play materials 5) Maternal involvement with child 6) Opportunities for variety in daily stimulation 13 Four types of discipline that result in Negative Outcomes: 1) inconsistent discipline 2) irritable, explosive discipline 3) low supervision and involvement 4) inflexible, rigid discipline 13 If punishment is necessary, it should be: brief and clearly linked to what the child has done